Positive interactions are sensitive to human activities, necessitating synthetic approaches to elucidate broad patterns and predict future changes if these interactions are altered or lost. General understanding of freshwater positive interactions has been far outpaced by knowledge of these important relationships in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. We conducted a global meta‐analysis to evaluate the magnitude of positive interactions across freshwater habitats. In 340 studies, we found substantial positive effects, with facilitators increasing beneficiaries by, on average, 81% across all taxa and response variables. Mollusks in particular were commonly studied as both facilitators and beneficiaries. Amphibians were one group benefiting the most from positive interactions, yet few studies investigated amphibians. Invasive facilitators had stronger positive effects on beneficiaries than non‐invasive facilitators. We compared positive effects between high‐ and low‐stress conditions and found no difference in the magnitude of benefit in the subset of studies that manipulated stressors. Future areas of research include understudied facilitators and beneficiaries, the stress gradient hypothesis, patterns across space or time and the influence of declining taxa whose elimination would jeopardise fragile positive interaction networks. Freshwater positive interactions occur among a wide range of taxa, influence populations, communities and ecosystem processes and deserve further exploration.
Signatory countries to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are formulating goals and indicators through 2050 under the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). Among the goals is increasing the integrity of ecosystems. The CBD is now seeking input toward a quantifiable definition of integrity and methods to track it globally. Here, we offer a schema for using Earth observations (EO) to monitor and evaluate global forest ecosystem integrity (EI). Our approach builds on three topics: the concept of EI, the use of satellite-based EO, and the use of "essential biodiversity variables" to monitor and report on it. Within this schema, EI is a measure of the structure, function, and composition of an ecosystem relative to the range of variation determined by climaticgeophysical environment. We use evaluation criteria to recommend eight potential indicators of EI that can be monitored around the globe using Earth Observations to support the efforts of nations to monitor and report progress to implement the post-2020 GBF. If operationalized, this schema should help Parties to the CBD take action and report progress on achieving ecosystem commitments during this decade.
Este trabajo evalúa la utilidad de sensores remotos para el análisis de cobertura vegetal y cuerpos de agua en estudios de conservación y medio ambiente. La investigación tiene como objetivos determinar las aplicaciones de imágenes satelitales en estudios de cobertura y los usos de los VANT (Vehículos Aéreos No Tripulados) en estudios ambientales. La determinación de las aplicaciones de imágenes satelitales y de los VANT se realizó mediante la revisión de artículos científicos, tesis, libros y resúmenes en congresos. Se encontraron un total de veinte aplicaciones para análisis de cobertura y cuerpos de agua empleando imágenes satelitales y VANT. Para análisis ambientales mediante imágenes satelitales se reportaron diez estudios: cobertura boscosa, expansión urbana, índices de vegetación, cambio de coberturas vegetales, deforestación, distribución espacial del agua, monitoreo del agua, dinámica lagunar, parámetros de calidad de agua y los umbrales del Índice de Nieve de Diferencia Normalizada. Para análisis ambientales mediante los VANT se reportaron diez estudios: abundancia vegetal, dinámica de la población de plantas, conservación ecológica, vegetación acuática, mapeo de vegetación, calidad del agua, dinámica fluvial, flujo de ríos, mapas batimétricos de un lago y variaciones vegetales acuáticas. Se concluye que los principios físicos de la percepción remota explican, a través de leyes, el funcionamiento de los sensores para brindar información satelital, como imágenes satelitales que brindan información con una resolución menor a 10 metros, aplicadas a estudios de áreas de mayor extensión (km). En áreas pequeñas, para obtener información real y precisa, se usa un Vehículo Aéreo No Tripulado (VANT), equipado con una cámara multiespectral que brinda información con una resolución mayor a 10 cm. Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer las limitaciones, ventajas y diferencias de estos dos sistemas, con el fin de planificar investigaciones que utilicen esta información y contribuyan a la protección y conservación de áreas afectadas por elementos naturales y antrópicos.
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