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Any statement on practice and research in professional psychology rests on an underlying assumption of the existence of these as two separate sets of activities. That a relationship is posited between them often suggests that they are, and of right ought to be, related. In contrast to such views of the importance of research to practice, it has been asserted that students with interests and skills in interpersonal relations are being evaluated in terms of competence in research and methodology skills whose acquisition is at best irrelevant and at worst may actually squeeze the life out of the original skills. With regard to the importance of practice to research, it has been argued that the problems of the clinic may provide research questions for the laboratory. That this argument has not aroused as much heat among experimental people as the previous one has among practitioners may possibly be related to the fact that the practitioner may have less say over what goes into experimental curricula than the experimenter has over what goes into practitioner curricula. In the profession, however, we believe it is safe to say that the behavior of most practitioners indicates a rapid drop of any pretense of a relation of research to their practice, while the research people are spared the embarrassment of dropping the pretense of a relation of practice to their research only because they probably never had it in the first place.The topic we are going to discuss today is not the relationship of practice and research in professional psychology. Rather, as the title suggests, we intend to discuss the existence of one set of behaviors rather than a relation between two sets. The possibility that we shall discuss is that the practitioner may so structure his standard work as a practitioner that it is simultaneously research. This was suggested a long time ago by no less a person than Freud, who indicated that therapy was to provide a means of analysis to the analyst. The scientific status of the therapy hour has, of course, been open to question, but this does not gainsay the importance of the central notion of making the practitioner's hour an hour for basic research.Before continuing, we should like to digress momentarily to comment on the common assumption that we must have science before we can have practice. This was reinforced by the history of the atomic bomb. As you will recall, Einstein wrote to Roosevelt stating that there existed in theoretical physics notions which if applied might materially shorten

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Psychiatric symptoms are common to many autoimmune disorders. Patients often will have mood disorders, anxiety, cognitive deficits, delirium, and psychosis. These symptoms may reflect the direct or indirect effect of the autoimmune disorder on the central nervous system, may be related to medications used to treat the disorder, or may be a direct psychologic impact from suffering with the autoimmune disorder. Accurately recognizing the psychiatric component and generating a differential diagnosis is a complex task for the treating physician. Treatment of the psychiatric component to the disorder often will include addressing steroid induced side effects, psychotropic medications, psychotherapy, patient and family education, and a strong physician-patient relationship.

Purpose of reviewDelirium in hospitalized patients can increase costs and worsen postoperative outcomes, yet it is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Among transplant recipients with numerous features to monitor, the potential for this complication may be overlooked. An understanding of current concepts of delirium is helpful for posttransplantation monitoring and treatment of this vulnerable patient population. Recent findingsThis review summarizes the latest literature on mechanisms, risk factors, sequelae, and treatments for delirium. Different types of transplantation may involve risk factors for delirium such as advanced age, pain medications, drug interactions, prior cognitive impairment or alcohol abuse, and neurotoxicity from immunosuppressants. Delirium can increase length of stay and worsen postdischarge outcomes. Symptoms of delirium can be treated with low doses of antipsychotic medications. SummaryThe assistance of consultation/liaison psychiatry can be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of delirium symptoms and the search for the underlying etiology. When the underlying cause is addressed, delirium is reversible. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of delirium can prevent the increased costs and negative outcomes associated with this complication.