Aim: The ''time perspective'' becomes increasingly relevant in psychological assessment, but time constraints sometimes prevent the use of the popular Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in its full extent. This study focuses on short versions (ZTPI-short), comprising 3 items for each scale, 15 items in total (18 when Future-Negative is added). Objectives included testing the psychometric properties of the abbreviated ZTPI and optional balancing of the Future scale with its negative counterpart. Method: Two modifications were used, the five-scale form, structurally corresponding to the original ZTPI (Past-Negative, Past-Positive, Present-! The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Downloaded from Hedonistic, Present-Fatalistic, and Future scales), and a six-scale adaptation with a Future-Negative scale added. Both versions were verified on nationally representative samples in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (N ¼ 2068). Results: Psychometric properties proved to be good with or without the Future-Negative scale as corroborated by adequate scale distribution, by consistency (Cronbach's alpha), reliability between short and long versions, validity of short and long versions with respect to the sociodemographic profile, by results of structural equation modeling confirming international invariance in a comparative multigroup perspective as well as good fit (confirmatory factor analysis) of five-and six-factor model for the Czech and Slovak ZTPI-short (separately or with a pooled sample). The five-scale ZTPI-short had a slightly better model fit than the six-scale version, the Future-Negative scale correlated strongly with the Past-Negative scale. Conclusion: The ZTPI-short is a quality instrument for assessing time perspective and can be recommended for further use.

This article presents the cross-cultural validation of the Entitlement Attitudes Questionnaire, a tool designed to measure three facets of psychological entitlement: active, passive and revenge entitlement. Active entitlement was defined as the tendency to protect individual rights based on self-worthiness. Passive entitlement was defined as the belief in obligations to and expectations toward other people and institutions for the fulfillment of the individual's needs. Revenge entitlement was defined as the tendency to protect one's individual rights when violated by others and the tendency to reciprocate insults. The 15-item EAQ was validated in a series of three studies: the first one on a general Polish sample (N = 1,900), the second one on a sample of Polish students (N = 199) and the third one on student samples from 28 countries (N = 5,979). A three-factor solution was confirmed across all samples. Examination of measurement equivalence indicated partial metric invariance of EAQ for all national samples. Discriminant and convergent validity of the EAQ was also confirmed.

The article draws primarily from the behavioral findings (mainly psychiatric and psychological observations) and points out the important relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and time orientation. Specifically, the authors argue that there is a significant overlap between the symptoms of ADHD and Present Hedonism. Present Hedonism is defined by Zimbardo’s time perspective theory and assessed by Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Developmental data on Present Hedonism of males and females in the Czech population sample (N=2201) are also presented. The hypothesis of relationship between ADHD and Present Hedonism is mainly derived from the prevalence of addictive behavior (mainly excessive Internet use, alcohol abuse, craving for sweets, fatty foods, and fast foods), deficits in social learning, and increased aggressiveness both in ADHD and in the population scoring high on Present Hedonism in the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. We conclude that Zimbardo’s time perspective offers both: 1) a potential diagnostic tool – the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, particularly its Present Hedonism scale, and 2) a promising preventive and/or therapeutic approach by the Time Perspective Therapy. Time Perspective Therapy has so far been used mainly to treat past negative trauma (most notably, posttraumatic stress disorder); however, it also has value as a potential therapeutic tool for possible behavioral compensation of ADHD.

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