ENGLISHThe amount of waste generation continued to increase in Indonesia due to economic development and population growth. In addition, the diversity of solid waste becomes another problem since products made from plastics became widely used and were discarded in large amounts. Plastic waste can be converted into fuel through pirolisis in order to reduce the amount of plastic waste as well as to produce alternative fuel. Pyrolysis is a process of thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. The objective of this study is to investigate and to compare the performace of fuel produced by pyrolisys, kerosene and diesel oil. The performance of those fuels is investigated in 4 parameters including density, burning time, temperature of water and the volume of water evaporated. The result of this study are 1) the density 0.8 g/ml; burning time 4.02 minutes; water temperature 75°C and water evaporated 12.6 ml. 2) Compared to kerosene and diesel oil, the quality of the fuel is lower than kerosene and higher than diesel oil in all parameters. INDONESIAPertumbuhan penduduk dan ekonomi menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan produksi sampah khususnya sampah plastik. Pirolisis merupakan proses perekahan atau pemecahan rantai polimer menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana melalui proses thermal (pemanasan/pembakaran) dengan tanpa maupun sedikit oksigen. Sampah plastik bisa diurai dan diubah menjadi bahan bakar yang memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi melalui proses pirolisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan kemampuan minyak hasil pirolisis plastik dengan minyak tanah dan solar dalam hal massa jenis, lama pembakaran, temperatur air dan volume air yang hilang (menguap) saat dimasak menggunakan minyak tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) massa jenis minyak pirolisis adalah 0,8 g/ml. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk membakar habis suatu benda adalah 4,02 menit. Pemasakan air menggunakan bahan bakar minyak pirolisis menghasilkan temperatur 75°C pada waktu pemasakan 4 menit dengan volume air yang hilang (menguap) sebesar 12,6 ml. 2) Dari 4 parameter yang diamati, kualitas minyak pirolisis berada di bawah minyak tanah namun di atas minyak solar.
ENGLISHOpen burning is one of methods to manage municipal solid waste in particular in rural areas. On one hand, open burning is easy and cheap for waste management to eliminate waste. On the other hand, burning of waste causes adverse impacts on the environment and health. One of the negative impacts of open burning is greenhouse gas (GHG) emission causing global warming. This study aimed to calculate and to compare GHG emissions from open burning of MSW in Pati Regency using Tier 1 and Tier 2 of IPCC method. Primary data was obtained through focus group discussions while secondary data was obtained through literature studies. The results showed that GHG emissions from waste combustion in Pati Regency based on Tier 1 and Tier 2 calculations indicating an increase during the period 2013-2017. The average of GHG emissions which is calculated by using Tier 1 is 5.18 GgCO2eq/year. This means it is lower than the average GHG emissions which are calculated by Tier 2, namely 33.86 GgCO2eq / year. INDONESIAPembakaran sampah secara terbuka merupakan salah satu alternatif pengelolaan sampah yang banyak dipilih oleh masyarakat khususnya perdesaan. Di satu sisi, pembakaran sampah merupakan metode pengelolaan sampah yang mudah dan murah untuk menghilangkan sampah. Di sisi lain, pembakaran sampah memberikan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan dan kesehatan. Salah satu dampak negatif pembakaran sampah adalah munculnya emisi gas rumah kaca yang menyebabkan terjadinya pemanasan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung dan membandingkan emisi GRK dari pembakaran sampah permukiman di Kabupaten Pati menggunakan metode yang dikembangkan oleh IPCC dengan 2 tingkat ketelitan yang berbeda yatu Tier 1 dan Tier 2. Data primer diperoleh melalui pelaksanaan diskusi kelompok terfokus sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh melalui studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa emisi GRK dari pembakaran sampah di Kabupaten Pati berdasarkan perhitungan Tier 1 dan Tier 2 menunjukkan peningkatan selama periode 2013-2017. Emisi GRK rata-rata yang dihitung dengan Tier 1 sebesar 5,18 GgCO2eq/tahun. Hal ini berarti lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan rerata emisi GRK yang dihitung dengan Tier 2 yaitu sebesar 33,86 GgCO2eq/tahun.
ABSTRACT. Even though biogas technology has been introduced in Indonesia since 1990's, the rate of biogas adoption in Indonesia runs slowly. It is therefore important to understand the factors encouraging or discouraging potential adopters in building biogas digesters. The development of the livestock sector, especially cattle farming, in Indonesia can be seen as an opportunity to increase the rate of biogas adoption. This study investigated the factors influencing cattle farmers' adoption biogas technology. A cross-sectional research survey was carried out by using structured questionnaires as the primary tool to collect data from both biogas adopters and non-biogas adopters in Pati regency, Indonesia. The socioeconomic characteristics of potential biogas adopters play an important role to ensure the adoption of biogas technology sustainable. A higher social status influences individual to adopt biogas relatively earlier than other members of a social system. Higher income and education also enable traditional farmers to either finance biogas digesters with their own money or access aid from the government or other agencies. Amongst other attributes of innovation, the advantages of installing biogas digester can be seen to speed up the rate of biogas adoption. Having a biogas digester was perceived as a better option and generated more benefits as compared to previous technologies or methods.
ENGLISHSeveral studies founded the usage of hazardous materials for food additives in many parts of Indonesia. Stakeholders especially The Government already implemented policies to against the abuse of hazardous food additives like the enactment of food regulations and food safety promotions. Many factors cause many people still using and distributing hazardous food additives (e.g. economic factors, knowledge and law enforcement). This paper provides an overview of types hazardous food additives and the negative impacts of consuming the additives on health emphasizing in the most popular of hazardous food additives namely formalin, borax and rhodamine B. In general, consuming the additives causes long-term health problems like cancer. However, consuming the additives in high dosage will make the consumers experiencing chronic poisoning and even causing death. Campaigns regarding food safety followed by law enforcement are very important actions to be done to eliminate the abuse of hazardous food additives. INDONESIABeberapa studi menunjukkan banyaknya penggunaan bahan yang berbahaya dan dilarang untuk digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pangan. Pihak terkait khususnya pemerintah telah mengimplementasikan kebijakan untuk menekan penyalahgunaan BTP antara lain dengan pemberlakuan peraturan dan sosialisasi mengenai BTP. Beberapa faktor menjadi penyebab masih maraknya penggunaan BTP berbahaya antara lain faktor ekonomi, pengetahuan dan penegakan hukum. Ulasan ini akan memaparkan mengenai jenis BTP berbahaya yang sering digunakan dan dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat mengkonsumsi BTP tersebut bagi kesehatan dengan menekankan pada 3 jenis bahan terlarang yang paling sering digunakan sebagai BTP yaitu formalin, boraks dan Rhodamin B. Secara umum, mengkonsumsi BTP berbahaya akan memberikan dampak buruk bagi kesehatan dalam jangka panjang misalnya kanker. Namun, konsumsi BTP berbahaya dengan dosis yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan efek negatif langsung pada kesehatan misalnya keracunan bahkan kematian. Sosialisasi diikuti dengan penegakan hukum perlu terus dilakukan untuk mengatasi penyalahgunaan BTP berbahaya.
ENGLISHClimate change becomes one of the most intensely critical issues over the last decade until today. Eventhough greenhouse gases (GHG) occur naturally in the atmosphere, anthropogenic is mainly responsible for increasing the greenhouse gases emission causing global warming/climate change. Actually, these gases play important roles for regulating the temperature of earth and earth atmosphere so that suitable for living things. Carbon dioxide (CO2) occupies more than half (76.7%) of the total GHG emission and energy supply becomes the most contributor of GHG emissions among other sectors. Climate change could lead to many environmental problems i.e., drought, floods, rising sea level, shifting weather pattern, greater variability of rainfall etc. For archipelagic country like Indonesia, the resulting sea level rise would give impact on inundation of coastal areas and increased loss of coastal habitats and ecosystem. The mitigation of GHG emissions is an option to reduce the intesity of global warming. As a part of global community, The government of Indonesia has a commitment to reduce the country’s GHG emissions by 26% with national resources or up to 41% with international support from a business-as-usual baseline by 2020. INDONESIAPemanasan global menjadi salah satu isu terpenting pada abad terakhir ini. Walaupun secara alami telah ada di atmosfer bumi, aktivitas manusia diyakini memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) penyebab pemanasan global. Karbondioksida berkontribusi sebesar 76,7% dari total emisi GRK dan sektor penyediaan energi merupakan sektor yang menghasilkan emisi GRK terbesar dibandingkan sektor-sektor lain. Perubahan iklim menyebabkan terjadinya kekeringan, banjir, kenaikan muka air laut, perubahan cuaca, ketidakmenentuan pola curah hujan dan lain-lain. Bagi negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia, kenaikan muka air laut akan menyebabkan tenggelamnya kawasan pesisir dan meningkatkan hilangnya habitat dan ekosistem kawasan pesisir. Mitigasi emisi gas rumah kaca merupakan salah satu opsi untuk mengurangi semakin meningkatnya pemanasan global. Sebagai dukungan terhadap upaya dunia untuk mengurangi emisi GRK, Pemerintah Indonesia berkomitmen untuk menurunkan emisi GRK sebesar 26% dengan usaha sendiri dan 41% dengan bantuan internasional pada tahun 2020 dari kondisi tanpa adanya rencana aksi.
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