International audienceFunded by the European Commission, the Promoting Adolescent health through an intervention is aimed at improving the quality of their participation in Physical Activity (PAPA) project revolved around the potential of youth sport to promote children's mental and emotional health and physical activity engagement. A theoretically grounded coach education training programme (i.e. Empowering CoachingTM), which was designed to create a sporting environment which was more positive and adaptive for young children, was customised for grassroots soccer, delivered and evaluated via a multi-method cluster RCT across five European countries; namely, England, France, Greece, Norway and Spain. In this article, a key part of the protocol of this large and multi-faceted project is presented. The ethical standards and procedures, characteristics of the population targeted and overall study design, and core self-report questionnaire measures completed by the players are described. Information is provided as well on the translation principles and procedures and data- collection procedures adopted in the PAPA project
Building upon Deci's and Ryan (1985) Self-determination theory as well as the sportive behavioral correlates of the model of Commitment (Scanlan et al., 1976), this study tries to establish the relationship between motivation and commitment in youth sport. For this purpose 454 young competitive soccer players answered the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) and the Sport Commitment Questionnaire (SCQ) during the regular season. The SMS measures the three dimensions of the Motivational continuum (the Amotivation, the Extrinsic Motivation and the Intrinsic Motivation). The SCQ measures the Sportive Commitment and its composing factors such as the Enjoyment, the Alternatives to the sport, and the Social Pressure. Our findings provided a clear pattern of the influence of motivation in sport enjoyment and commitment, outlining the positive contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to enjoyment and commitment. Amotivation, contributes positively to alternatives to sport and negatively to enjoyment and commitment. It should be noted that extrinsic motivation has a higher contribution to enjoyment whereas intrinsic motivation has a higher contribution to commitment.Fundamentándose en la teoría de la Autodeterminación (Deci y Ryan, 1985) así como en los correlatos conductuales del modelo de Compromiso (Scanlan et al. 1976), este estudio trata de establecer las relaciones entre motivación y compromiso en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Con este propósito 454 jóvenes jugadores de fútbol contestaron la Escala de Motivación Deportiva (SMS) y el Cuestionario de Compromiso Deportivo (SCQ).El SMS mide las tres dimensiones del continuum motivacional (Amotivación, Motivación extrínseca y motivación intrínseca). El SCQ mide el compromiso deportivo y los factores que lo componen, tales como el disfrute, las alternativas al deporte y la presión social. Nuestros resultados proporcionan un patrón claro acerca de la influencia de la motivación en el compromiso y la diversión en el deporte, subrayando la contribución positiva de la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca en la diversión y el compromiso. La amotivación contribuye positivamente a las alternativas al deporte y negativamente a la diversión y el compromiso. Es de destacar que la motivación extrínseca tiene una contribución mayor a la diversión, mientras que la motivación intrínseca tiene una contribución mayor al compromiso.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la influencia relativa de los agentes de socialización en el deporte de iniciación sobre la motivación autodeterminada de los jóvenes deportistas. Utilizamos una metodología transversal y evaluamos, mediante cuestionarios, la capacidad predictiva de la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía generado por entrenadores, compañeros de equipo y padres sobre la regulación autónoma, la regulación controlada y la amotivación de 269 deportistas de entre 11 y 17 años, mediante análisis de regresión. Los resultados señalaron que la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía generada por los entrenadores en primer lugar, y en menor medida la de los padres y los compañeros, predecía la regulación autónoma de los deportistas. La percepción de apoyo a la autonomía generado por los entrenadores, a su vez, actuaba como factor protector de la amotivación de sus jugadores. La discusión, en la línea del modelo jerárquico de Vallerand, apunta a que en un contexto específico como es el ámbito deportivo, el apoyo a la autonomía de mayor influencia es el de la figura de más autoridad en dicho ámbito, en este caso el entrenador. Palabras clave: Teoría de la autodeterminación, deporte, entorno social.Title: Coaches, peers and parents' autonomy support and its predictive capacity on young athletes' self-determined motivation. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of youth sports' socialization agents on athletes' self-determined motivation. We used a transversal methodology and assessed, via questionnaires, the predictive capacity of coaches, peers and parental autonomy support on autonomous regulation, controlled regulation and amotivation of 269 athletes age ranged between 11 and 17 years old, through regression analyses. Results showed that the perception of coaches' autonomy support in first place, followed by parental and peers', predicted a more autonomous behavioral regulation. The perception of coaches' autonomy support also played the role of protective factor for the athletes' amotivation. Our discussion, in line with Vallerand's hierarchical model, suggests that in a specific context such as sports, the most influent autonomy support would be provided by the most authoritative figure in that given context, specifically coaches for this case. Key Words: Self determination theory, sports, social environment. IntroducciónUno de los aspectos clave que se plantea desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (SDT, Self Determination Theory; Deci y Ryan, 1985;, es el papel activo de las personas en la construcción de su crecimiento personal, integridad y bienestar a partir de la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas (i.e., autonomía, competencia y relaciones). No obstante la teoría enfatiza también que el entorno y las personas que lo conforman son un elemento fundamental en la facilitación, o por el contrario la frustración de estas necesidades. Uno de los conceptos ambientales centrales para la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas es el llamado apoyo a...
Coach Effectiveness Training (CET) has been shown to have positive effects on a range of outcome variables, especially in young athletes (Smith & Smoll, 2005). Based on CET principles, and coupled with behavioral feedback, an individualized goal-setting intervention was developed and assessed using a replicated case study approach. Outcome variables included observed, athlete-perceived, and coach-perceived behaviors measured before the intervention and late in the season, as well as coaches’ evaluations of the intervention. Four soccer coaches selected three target behaviors that they wished to improve after viewing videotaped behavioral feedback. Behavioral assessment revealed that two of the coaches achieved positive changes on all three of their targeted behaviors. A third coach improved on two of the three targeted behaviors. The fourth coach did not achieve any of the established goals. We conclude that this approach is sufficiently promising to warrant additional research, and we discuss strengths and limitations of the study.
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