Context: When an application evolves, some of the developed test cases break. Discarding broken test cases causes a significant waste of effort and leads to test suites that are less effective and have lower coverage. Test repair approaches evolve test suites along with applications by repairing the broken test cases.Objective: Numerous studies are published on test repair approaches every year. It is important to summarise and consolidate the existing knowledge in the area to provide directions to researchers and practitioners. This research work provides a systematic literature review in the area of test case repair and breakage prevention, aiming to guide researchers and practitioners in the field of software testing. Method:We followed the standard protocol for conducting a systematic literature review. First, research goals were defined using the Goal Question Metric (GQM). Then we formulate research questions corresponding to each goal. Finally, metrics are extracted from the included papers. Based on the defined selection criteria a final set of 41 primary studies are included for analysis. Results:The selection process resulted in 5 journal papers, and 36 conference papers. We present a taxonomy that lists the causes of test case breakages extracted from the literature. We found that only four proposed test repair tools are publicly available. Most studies evaluated their approaches on open-source case studies. Conclusion:There is significant room for future research on test repair techniques. Despite the positive trend of evaluating approaches on large scale open source studies, there is a clear lack of results from studies done in a real industrial context. Few tools are publicly available which lowers the potential of adaption by industry practitioners.

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Introduction: Anger is a strong emotional response to deprivation and provocation. It is an emotion that is often created by the discrepancy between our expectations and reality. For medical professionals, it is very necessary to manage their anger because they have to deal with patients of diverse manners. The current study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of medical students regarding anger from an Islamic perspective. Methods: the current study enrolled medical students who were enrolled in different grades in medical schools. Moreover, after the informed consent, each student was asked to fill out the self-designed questionnaire. The data was statistically analysed by SPSS. Results: The study population comprised 277 subjects, including females and males. Among all participants in the current study, females (147, 53.1%) are more common than males. The highest and lowest numbers of students are enrolled in the 1st year of MBBS (74, 26.7%) and the final year of MBBS (1, 0.4%), respectively. Moreover, personal behaviour after getting angered was asked, like do you leave the scene (said Yes, 123, 44.4%) or seek refuge with Allah (said Yes, 92, 33.2%) from shaitan or taking ablution (said No, 54, 19.5%). The p-value is less than 0.05 for the questions asked as anger is satanic teaching or motivation (p=0.004), or Islam has refrained us from anger (p=0.000), and anger results in an increased crime rate (p=0.000). Similarly, the p-value is less than 0.05 in the case of questions like do you get irritated soon (p=0.002) and when did you get angry (p=0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that young medical students are more aggressive, and they have less ability to manage their aggressiveness. Islamic teaching plays a vital role in the management and control of anger. Keywords: Medical Students, Anger Management, Knowledge, Islamic Teachings.

Background: A space between adjacent central incisor teeth is termed "diastema or diastemata". Midline diastema in mixed dentition is a great center of concern for parents as well as their children, therefore, determining the time of closure of midline diastema is essential for clinical practice in Orthodontic and the study was aimed to determine the frequency of midline diastema in both maxillary and mandibular arches in patients. Material and Method: The current study was carried out at Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan, Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa to determine the frequency of midline diastema in both maxillary and mandibular arches in patients for which a total of 200 responders have examined 100 responders were males while 100 were female. Results: The frequency of Midline diastema was 12%, out of 200 hundred in which Maxillary midline diastema was 5% and Mandibular midline diastema was 5.5% and both the arches were found to be 1.5% in females. Conclusion: The finding of the current study is that the population of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa has several Midline diastemata affecting their esthetic. A similar study to find out the etiology of Midline diastema is suggested which requires a large sample size. Keywords: Midline diastema, Frequency, Orthodontic