BackgroundRoughly half of all extremely preterm infants will be diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and a third will be discharged on home oxygen therapy (HOT). To date, there have been no studies that have examined the relationship between respiratory medication utilization in infants with BPD on HOT.MethodsThe recorded home oximetry trial was a multicenter, randomized trial comparing two home oxygen management strategies in premature infants. Infants were enrolled at first outpatient pulmonary or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) follow‐up visit with a pulmonary component. Respiratory medication prescriptions and dosage were collected from time of enrollment through 6 months after HOT discontinuation. Patients were seen monthly while on HOT and at 1, 3, and 6 months after successful discontinuation.ResultsDuring protocol visits, 174 (89%) infants had respiratory medications documented. Respiratory medication use was higher at initial follow‐up visit compared with NICU discharge and decreased at the final 6‐month follow‐up visit. Infants who received inhaled steroids (IS) before weaning had mean HOT duration of 138 days (range: 24‐562 days); infants who received IS after weaning had shorter mean HOT duration (55 days, range: 21‐264). In time‐to‐event analysis the no IS group and the postwean group differed significantly (χ21 = 8.1; P = .004). NICU clinics gave a total of 35 prescriptions to 43 patients, an average of 0.8 per patient, while the pulmonary clinics gave 837 prescriptions to 153 patients, or 5.5 per patient (P < .0001).ConclusionRespiratory prescribing patterns for infants on HOT are highly variable. Utilization of IS was not associated with shorter duration of HOT.

The Eustachian valve (EV) is an embryological remnant of the inferior vena cava that during fetal life helps divert oxygenated blood from the IVC toward the foramen ovale to escape the pulmonary circulation. This remnant usually regresses after birth and is considered a benign finding in the majority of cases. However, EV can lead to complications in the neonatal period or later in life. In this short case series, we present four newborn infants with prominent EV who were symptomatic after birth and required admission to the neonatal intensive care unit.

Background:The negative impact of disproportionate growth in premature infants is well documented, but optimal nutrition practices needed to prevent an unhealthy body mass index (BMI) remain unclear.Methods: An evidence-based, volume-increase guideline that advanced feeding volumes from 150-160 to 170-180 ml/kg/day between the postmenstrual age (PMA) of 31 0/7 and 34 0/7 weeks was implemented in October 2017 for infants born at ≤32 0/7 weeks' gestational age. Data were collected on 262 infants' weight and length at birth and at discharge for 20 months before and 21 months after guideline implementation, and retrospective analysis was conducted to determine disproportionate growth by comparing BMIs (in g/cm 2 ) at birth and at discharge. Changes in infants' body habitus were determined through bivariate analysis of weight and length z-scores from the Fenton growth curve.Results: Implementation of a targeted volume nutrition guideline resulted in fewer infants with growth failure, defined as weight <10th percentile (19.5% vs 11.2%; P = .06) at discharge. Infants who received treatment according to the targeted nutrition guideline had a statistically significant reduction in disproportionately low BMI (8.6% vs 2.5%; P = .0380) and an increase in disproportionately high BMIs (4.3% vs 12.3%; P = .025). There was minor change in the percentage of disproportionately large infants who received the guidelines from birth to discharge (11.5% vs 12.3%). Conclusions:A targeted volume-increase nutrition guideline may prevent growth failure, with some effects on disproportionate growth in preterm infants born at ≤32 0/7 weeks' gestational age. CLINICAL RELEVANCY STATEMENTPremature neonates often face challenges with adequate early nutrition; the lack of proper nutrition often leads to growth failure or disproportionate growth. Our retrospective chart review was intended © 2021 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition to assess the effectiveness of a targeted volume-increase nutrition guideline in preventing growth failure and disproportionate growth at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge in preterm infants. The long-term goal of this research is to optimize nutrition support for premature infants in the NICU that may encourage long-term growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes later in life.

This study aims to perform a meta-analysis of randomized studies to evaluate if chest shielding during phototherapy is associated with decreased incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants. We used published guidelines for the meta-analysis of clinical trials. The search strategy included electronic searches of CINAHL, CENTRAL Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, and abstracts presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs or cluster RCTs published in English and involving chest shielding during phototherapy in premature infants with PDA as an outcome. Exclusion criteria involved case reports, case series, and multiple publications from the same author. Heterogeneity testing using Q statistics was performed to evaluate the variance between studies. Two RCTs met study criteria. There was heterogeneity (I: 55.4%) between the two trials. Meta-analysis of RCTs using the random effect model demonstrated that chest shielding during phototherapy was associated with decreased incidence of PDA (odds ratio: 0.47, 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.96). There was no publication bias on Eggers test. Heterogeneity was seen in gestational age, gender, prophylactic use of postnatal indomethacin, duration of phototherapy, and assessment of PDA. Chest shielding during phototherapy may be associated with decreased incidence of PDA among premature infants.