En Italie, depuis le milieu du xx e siècle, la famille a connu dans un premier temps un processus de « nucléarisation », suivi de multiples métamorphoses liées au déclin progressif du mariage. D’aucuns interprètent ces tendances comme la preuve d’une convergence vers des valeurs Nord-Européennes ; pour d’autres chercheurs, des différences culturelles persistent, dont témoigne la force bien plus contraignante des liens de parenté. L’article offre une perspective anthropologique sur ces questions et s’interroge sur le rôle que la « parenté élective » pourrait jouer pour affronter les effets cumulés de la crise économique, du vieillissement de la population et de la diminution des formes d’assistance sociale.
El propósito de este artículo es explorar las relaciones entre la etnohistoria y la historia escolar en el ámbito de la construcción de las narraciones del pasado que caracterizan las memorias históricas oficiales. A través del análisis de currículos y textos escolares de historia en Ecuador examinamos la manera en la que se define e interpreta la historia incaica, de modo particular en lo relativo la forma política del Tahuantinsuyo. En el análisis evidenciamos que la singularidad histórica de la experiencia política andina es tratada por los textos con categorías eurocéntricas. De esta manera, concluimos que los aportes de la investigación etnohistórica -en términos de nuevas visiones e interpretaciones sobre el pasado americano- no han sido recibidos por la historia escolar ecuatoriana y reflexionamos sobre cuál es el significado de la historia que se enseña hoy a los estudiantes.
In the public debate played out in the media, the financial crisis in Italy is often depicted through a culturalist frame; the country’s difficulties are traced deterministically to an ethos, supposedly widespread among Italians, of amoral familism and a limited sense of civic engagement. This paper illustrates three issues that exemplify the country’s financial problems, and which are often seen through this type of culturalist lens: i) a lack of discipline in managing public finances; ii) a lack of interest in co-operation caused by the excessive importance given to family ties; iii) a lack of agency from the people involved, symbolised by a reluctance to leave home and to adopt an intense pace of work. Considering the relevant literature and various statistics, we show that a culturalist approach helps to spread a stereotyped and misleading view of these three issues. Instead, we suggest that a more accurate reading of the situation, and more stimulating when it comes to public debate, can be obtained by observing the way individuals adapt to the limitations and opportunities of the context in which they operate.
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