The potential for enhancing the optical activity of natural chiral media using engineered nanophotonic components has been central in the quest toward developing next-generation circular-dichroism spectroscopic techniques. Through confinement and manipulation of optical fields at the nanoscale, ultrathin optical elements have enabled a path toward achieving order-of-magnitude enhancements in the chiroptical response. Here, we develop a model framework to describe the underlying physics governing the origin of the chiroptical response in optical media. The model identifies optical activity to originate from electromagnetic coupling to the hybridized eigenstates of a coupled electron-oscillator system, whereas differential absorption of opposite handedness light, though resulting in a far-field chiroptical response, is shown to have incorrectly been identified as optical activity. We validate the model predictions using experimental measurements and show them to also be consistent with observations in the literature. The work provides a generalized framework for the design and study of chiroptical systems.

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This paper is intended to study the electromagnetic wave scattering from a half‐space anisotropic random medium. The ladder‐approximated Bethe‐Salpeter equation in conjunction with the nonlinearly approximated Dyson equation is used to derive the modified radiative transfer (MRT) equations for wave propagation in the half‐space random medium. The MRT equations are solved under a first‐order approximation. Backscattering coefficients are calculated and are compared with those obtained using the Born approximation. The first important thing noticed is that the propagation constants in the Born results are changed to effective propagation constants. Secondly, there are some additional terms contributing to backscattering enhancement, which is an important direct result of the MRT theory. Several numerical results are illustrated to compare the MRT and the Born results.