BackgroundIn 2014, 2 studies showed that inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) boosts intestinal immunity in children previously immunized with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). As a result, IPV was introduced in mass campaigns to help achieve polio eradication.MethodsWe conducted an open-label, randomized, controlled trial to assess the duration of the boost in intestinal immunity following a dose of IPV given to OPV-immunized children. Nine hundred healthy children in Vellore, India, aged 1–4 years were randomized (1:1:1) to receive IPV at 5 months (arm A), at enrollment (arm B), or no vaccine (arm C). The primary outcome was poliovirus shedding in stool 7 days after bivalent OPV challenge at 11 months.ResultsFor children in arms A, B, and C, 284 (94.7%), 297 (99.0%), and 296 (98.7%), respectively, were eligible for primary per-protocol analysis. Poliovirus shedding 7 days after challenge was less prevalent in arms A and B compared with C (24.6%, 25.6%, and 36.4%, respectively; risk ratio 0.68 [95% confidence interval: 0.53–0.87] for A versus C, and 0.70 [0.55–0.90] for B versus C).ConclusionsProtection against poliovirus remained elevated 6 and 11 months after an IPV boost, although at a lower level than reported at 1 month.Clinical Trials RegistrationCTRI/2014/09/004979.

Replication of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in the intestine (ie, vaccine take) is associated with seroconversion and protection against poliomyelitis. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to measure vaccine shedding in 300 seronegative infants aged 6–11 months and in 218 children aged 1–4 years 7 days after administration of monovalent or bivalent OPV. We found that the quantity of shedding correlated with the magnitude of the serum neutralizing antibody response measured 21 or 28 days after vaccination. This suggests that the immune response to OPV is on a continuum, rather than an all-or-nothing phenomenon, that depends on efficient vaccine virus replication.

Background Finger millet is the most important food grain in the world for its nutritional benefits. Finger millet is genetically and geographically diverse and widely spread in the African and Asian sub-continent. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to analyze the genetic diversity using ISSR genetic markers using 15 ISSR primers. Results About 23 genotypes of widely cultivated finger millet cultivars of economically important ones were characterized and the ISSR markers were critically analyzed for their performance with parameters such as polymorphic information content (PIC), effective multiplex ratio (EMR), marker index (MI), and resolving power (RP). In this study, 175 loci were scored across the 23 cultivars of finger millet, and out of these 173 loci (98%) were polymorphic, revealing the suitability of these loci for genetic diversity analysis with ISSR marker. The average number of polymorphic loci per primer was 11.50 with varying sizes from 100 bp to 2500 bp. ISSR primers that showed higher polymorphism were found to have higher EMR and MI values up to 15.30 and 13.44, respectively. Conclusion High degree of polymorphism supported with distinct differences of all the marker parameters revealed the suitability of ISSR markers for determining the genotypic differences based on ISSR markers among the 23 genotypes of finger millet. The possible application of the ISSR marker in the conservation and management of finger millet genetic resources is discussed.

Although, culture is considered the gold standard for poliovirus detection from stool samples, real‐time PCR has emerged as a faster and more sensitive alternative. Detection of poliovirus from the stool of recently vaccinated children by culture, single and multiplex real‐time PCR was compared. Of the 80 samples tested, 55 (68.75%) were positive by culture compared to 61 (76.25%) and 60 (75%) samples by the single and one step multiplex real‐time PCR assays respectively. Real‐time PCR (singleplex and multiplex) is more sensitive than culture for poliovirus detection in stool, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Background Typhoid fever causes substantial morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a case-control study in Vellore, southern India, to understand risk factors for transmission of typhoid. Methods From April 2018 to October 2019, households of blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases that occurred within a fever surveillance cohort aged 6 months–15 years, and controls matched for age, sex, geographic location, and socioeconomic status, were recruited. Information on risk factors was obtained using standard questionnaires. Household and environmental samples were collected for detection of Salmonella Typhi using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate associations between risk factors and typhoid. Results One hundred pairs of cases and controls were recruited. On multivariable regression analysis, mothers eating food from street vendors during the previous week (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–4.12; P = .04) was independently associated with typhoid, whereas treatment of household drinking water (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25–0.80; P = .007) was protective. There was no significant difference in S Typhi detection between the environmental samples from case and control households. Conclusions Street-vended food is a risk factor for typhoid in densely populated urban communities of Vellore. Improved sanitation facilities and awareness about point-of-use water treatment are likely to contribute to typhoid control.