This study aimed to assess the long-term course of pulmonary arterial hypertension related to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (PAHRH) and the influence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on its characteristics. We retrospectively analyzed all 47 patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study in whom PAHRH was diagnosed. Among 35 patients who underwent follow-up Doppler echocardiography, the right ventricular systolic pressure over right atrial pressure gradient increased by a median of 25 mm Hg in 9 patients who had not received ART, decreased by a median of 3 mm Hg in 12 patients who had received nucleoside analogs, and decreased by a median of 21 mm Hg in 14 patients who had received highly active ART (HAART) (P<.005). Among all 47 patients, median duration of survival after PAHRH diagnosis was 2.7 years. HAART significantly decreased mortality due to PAHRH as well as other causes. This study suggests a beneficial effect of combination ART in patients with PAHRH.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a disease of unknown aetiology characterized by excessive and often progressive fibrosis in skin and multiple internal organs, an aberrant immune activation marked by multiple humoral and cellular immunological abnormalities and pronounced alterations in the microvasculature. The pathogenesis of SSc is complex and, although progress in the understanding of the multiple processes underlying SSc has been made in recent years, no single unifying hypothesis explaining all aspects of this disease exists. Recent studies have suggested that the activation of the immune system is a key stimulus to vascular abnormalities and fibrosis. Once T-cells are activated, they infiltrate the skin lesions early, and produce the profibrotic cytokine IL-4. They are also required for autoantibody production. B-cells may contribute to fibrosis, as deficiency of CD19, a B-cell signal transduction molecule, results in decreased fibrosis in animal models. In recent years, clinical advances have occurred in parallel with a better understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. In this article, the immunological aspects and multiple altered immunological processes found in SSc are discussed.

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The adverse effects of fluoroquinolones are yet to be fully elucidated. We present an interesting case of a 41-year-old male with binocular diplopia most likely induced by the use of a fluoroquinolone antibiotic.