A Razão Pública como meio de conferir legitimidade social às decisões proferidas por Tribunais Constitucionais", de Robison Tramontina e Irenice Tressoldi, é o título do terceiro artigo dessa obra. Nele é abordada a formação da razão pública da teoria da Justiça como equidade de John Rawls como meio de conferir legitimidade social às decisões judiciais que avaliam a constitucionalidade de leis e atos normativos. Como conclusão, os autores constatam que, ao formar a razão pública, o tribunal deve considerar o consenso sobreposto de doutrinas razoáveis em suas decisões. Em outros termos, ao convidar os cidadãos, representados pelas instituições da sociedade civil, para participarem do debate em fóruns públicos acerca da melhor interpretação da Constituição, o Tribunal Supremo adquire uma base pública de justificação que legitima suas escolhas, a exemplo da realização de audiências públicas que empregam o instituto do amicus curiae, previsto no artigo 138 do Código de Processo Civil.Na continuação, Cássio Alberto Arend e Wilson Antônio Steinmetz no texto "O Princípio da Proibição de Retrocesso Ambiental e o Direito como Integridade" demonstram que o mandamento da proibição de retrocesso ambiental também pode ser analisado desde a teoria do direito como integridade. Para exemplificarem a tese central defendida, analisam as decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal nas ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade que tiveram por objeto o Código Florestal brasileiro. Dois artigos têm como pano de fundo o tema da democracia. Cristhian Magnus de Marco e Gabriela Samrsla Möller, em "As deficiências percebidas na democracia brasileira e as contribuições de Jürgen Habermas", discutem as deficiências da democracia brasileira a partir da teoria filosófica de Jürgen Habermas e sustentam que essa pode ser utilizada para fundamentar e efetivar o Estado Democrático de Direito. Em continuação, Robison Tramontina e Viviane Lemes da Rosa estudam a desobediência civil, ou seja, em que momentos e como a cidadania de uma sociedade democrática podem questionar leis injustas quando esgotados todos os mecanismos institucionais estabelecidos. Em "Desobediência Civil: cinco olhares e cinco convergências" os autores comparam as concepções de desobediência civil em cinco autores: Henry Thoreau, Hannah Arendt, John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin e Jürgen Habermas.Jean Vilbert e Vinícius Almada Mozetic, em "Os direitos Humanos com alcance universal: uma realidade tangível ou uma utopia inalcançável?", estudam a possibilidade de uma fundamentação universal dos Direitos Humanos. Os autores sustentam que uma noção ética que norteia o conceito sobre direitos humanos, se utilizada em paralelo a uma ideia de dignidade humana dúplice
The Human Development Index is a summary measure of a country’s achievement in key dimensions of human progress. It is estimated using three indicators: life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and national income per capita. The aggregate index is calculated, after certain transformations, using their geometric mean to decrease the level of substitutability among those three dimensions. However, the indicator of education is estimated by simply averaging the mean of years of schooling received by adults and the expected years of education for children entering school. This paper shows that the latter variable is often overestimated and fluctuates widely across countries that are similar otherwise. This may distort the HDI by unintendedly magnifying the index in numerous instances, and by making countries with comparable levels of development to be ranked away from each other due to different schooling expectations. To ameliorate that distortion, we propose to estimate the indicator for education using 20-year windows to build a weighted geometric mean that captures countries’ factual advances in schooling two decades later. This paper shows that such a methodological improvement enhances the HDI’s consistency in identifying the levels of human development across countries. JEL codes: I25, I28, I31, O15
The COVID-19 has renovated the debate about global health governance. A number of scholars have proposed that the World Health Organization should assume the position of a central coordinator with hierarchical powers, demanding nation-states to “share their sovereignty”. This article presents four main objections to this project. First, when international institutions receive leverage, they use to impose “one-size-fits-all” policies, which conflicts with the characteristic heterogeny across countries. Second, geopolitical questions and the distribution of power in multilateral institutions put developing countries in a position of vulnerability within a hierarchical order. Third, the risk of crowding out parallel initiatives, especially from non-state actors. Fourth, decisions about health can have a major impact on countries, which may thwart the internal democratic principle. A Pareto improvement would be possible by strengthening the WHO’s operational capacity and its ability to issue technical guidance and coordinate with countries. To test this hypothesis, this study analyses the possible influence of the WHO’s guidance in the first year of the coronavirus health crisis, from January 2020 to January 2021, in 37 countries reported in the World Values Survey Wave 7 (2017-2020). The OLS regression performed shows a statistically significant negative relationship between the trust in the WHO, assumed as a proxy for the level of the organization's penetration, and the number of cases of COVID-19 (per million people) in the countries of the sample. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that there is a valid case for the countries to strengthen the WHO’s mandate post-COVID-19, but they should enhance the operations of provision of reliable information and support. Nation-states, in particular the developing ones, should eschew the temptation to create a hierarchical global health structure, which may not only fail due to countries’ asymmetries but is likely to create losers in the process.
The COVID-19 has renovated the debate about global health governance. Many scholars have proposed that the World Health Organization (WHO) should assume the position of a central coordinator with hierarchical powers. This article presents four main objections to this project: the problems with ‗one-size-fits-all' policies, the heterogeneous distribution of power within multilateral institutions, the risks of crowding out parallel initiatives, and the democratic principle. Testing the WHO's ability as a provider of technical information, an OLS regression, analyzing the first year of the coronavirus health crisis, from January 2020 to January 2021, in 37 countries reported in the World Values Survey Wave 7, shows a negative relationship between the population trust in the WHO and the number of cases of COVID-19. This indicates that there is a valid case for countries to strengthen the WHO's mandate, but not to create a hierarchical global health structure.
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