In this paper we consider the use of bootstrap methods to compute interval estimates and perform hypothesis tests for decomposable measures of economic inequality.The bootstrap potentially represents a significant gain over available asymptotic intervals because it provides an easily implemented solution to the Behrens-Fisher problem. Two applications of this approach, using the PSID (for the study of taxation) and the XLSY (for the study of youth inequality), to the Gini coefficient and Theil's entropy measures of inequality, are provided. The results suggest that (i) statistical inference is essential even when large samples are available, and (ii) the bootstrap appears to perform well in this setting.

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In pediatric patients with generalized, separation, and/or social anxiety disorders, antidepressant-related improvement occurred early in the course of treatment, and SSRIs were associated with more rapid and greater improvement compared to SNRIs.

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Objective: To compare adverse events (AEs), suicidality, and AE-related discontinuation in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Method: MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Embase were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language articles from inception through March 1, 2019. We identified prospective, randomized SSRI and SNRI studies in patients <18 years of age with OCD or generalized, separation, or social anxiety disorders. AE rates were extracted and medication-placebo differences were examined using Bayesian hierarchical models, then posterior estimates of relative risk (RR) were determined for each AE by medication class and disorder. Results: Data were included from 18 trials (2,631 patients) and 7 medications (16 SSRI and 4 SNRI trials). Compared with placebo, SSRIs were associated with a greater likelihood of AE-related discontinuation (RR 3.59, credible interval [CrI] 0.019-0.067, p ¼ .0003), activation (RR 2.39, CrI 0.048-0.125, p ¼ .003), sedation (RR 1.94, CrI 0.035-0.157, p ¼ .002), insomnia (RR 1.93, CrI 0.040-0.149, p ¼ .001), abdominal pain (RR 1.53, CrI 0.032-0.164, p ¼ .005), and headache (RR 1.24, CrI 0.003-0.139, p ¼ .04). Activation was more common with SSRIs (versus SNRIs, RR 1.32, CrI 0.018-0.114, p ¼ .007). Neither SSRIs nor SNRIs were associated with treatment-emergent suicidality. Conclusion: In pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders, SSRIs (compared with placebo) are associated with distinct AEs and greater AE-related discontinuation, although their tolerability does not differ between anxiety disorders and OCD. Compared with SNRIs, SSRIs are more likely to produce activation. Class-related AEs are important for clinicians to consider, particularly in light of data suggesting differences in class-related efficacy. Whereas SSRIs are superior to SNRIs and the treatment of choice for anxiety, for youths who become activated on SSRIs, SNRIs might represent a good second choice given their reported efficacy and lower risk of activation.