The aim of this project is detecting knock during combustion of biodiesel-hydrogen fuel and also the knock is suppressed by timed injection of diethyl ether (DEE) with biodiesel-hydrogen fuel for different loads. Hydrogen fuel is an effective alternate fuel in making a pollution-free environment with higher efficiency. The usage of hydrogen in compression ignition engine leads to production of knocking or detonation because of its lower ignition energy, wider flammability range, and shorter quenching distance. Knocking combustion causes major engine damage, and also reduces the efficiency. The method uses the measurement and analysis of cylinder pressure signal for various loads. The pressure signal is to be converted into frequency domain that shows the accurate knocking combustion of fuel mixtures. The variation of pressure signal is gradually increased and smoothly reduced to minimum during normal combustion. The rapid rise of pressure signal has occurred during knocking combustion. The experimental setup was mainly available for evaluating the feasibility of normal combustion by comparing with the signals from both fuel mixtures in compression ignition engine. This method provides better results in predicting the knocking feature of biodiesel-hydrogen fuel and the usage of DEE provides complete combustion of fuels with higher performance, and lower emission.

Mechatronics Engineering has become an internationally recognized discipline with degree programmes offered in majority of the universities all around the world. Integrating mechanical, instrumentation, and programmable automation controller (PAC) for developing technical skills and expertise in system level integration to attain manufacturing and controller programming superiority has become the basic requirement for Mechatronics Laboratory. Divulging the graduates to servo control concept down the line to the programmable automation controller helps to gain the practical knowledge in the field of I/O interfacing, closed loop control, remote monitoring, and PLC motion control programming. Hence in this paper, a 3‐axis servo control system with HMI work bench case study has been presented to enable the graduates to learn multi‐disciplinary concepts in the field of material handling and precise position synchronous control of multi‐axis rotating system. With this work bench, applications of servo control such as electronic gearing (positioning), pick and place (material handling), and profiling (welding, machining) can be exposed to mechatronics graduates. Graduates with fundamental programming skills and apparently no‐practical experience with mechatronics systems can quickly learn how to incorporate control architectures with this work bench and prepare them to compete in Industry 4.0 environment.

In advancing modern world, the recent technological advancements especially in the field of automobile and industrial sectors have created a hike in energy demand. The fossil fuels, which are the main sources of energy, are non-renewable. Due to excessive exploitation, the fossil fuels are depleting rapidly and have created a need for alternate fuel. The researches have been conducted on various biodiesel worldwide to acquire an efficient biodiesel. The biodiesel of pongamia pinnata is one such feasible alternative since the tropical climatic conditions of Asia supports its large cultivation. This paper investigates the characteristics of engine fuelled by pongamia pinnata biodiesel. The use of biodiesel as primary fuel causes reduction in the engine performance. The performance of biodiesel fuelled engine is improved by the induction of hydrogen into air intake manifold. The induction of hydrogen increases the brake thermal efficiency by 3.41%. The hydrogen induction increases NOXin the exhaust. In order to reduce the NOXemission, Diethyl ether is injected in to the engine at constant rate of 0.7 gm/min. The DEE injection reduces the NOXand also increases the engine performance to a significant level.

The constant increase in energy demand and the environmental issues due to higher utilisation of diesel fuel is frightening. The replacement of diesel fuel with biodiesel is the most viable solution to minimize the diesel fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The biodiesel with orange peel oil (OPO) and diethyl ether (DEE) can serve as a valuable alternative fuel, as OPO is naturally available with higher energy efficiency. The extracted orange peel oil characteristics gave its chemical and physical properties, which are suitable for using as additive for diesel fuel. The mixture is prepared with 30% DEE and 70 % of OPO to get B5 (950 ml Diesel + 35 ml OPO + 15 ml DEE) and B15 (850 ml Diesel + 105 ml OPO + 45 ml DEE) mixtures. In this study, a split injection CRDi engine is used to conduct performance and emission tests using the above three fuel options. The tests were conducted using the new blend for different engine operating conditions and the brake thermal efficiency of B5 mixture offers 0.6% to 2.3% higher values in comparison with diesel fuel.

The automated airborne vehicle (UAV) is an airplane that is worked without a human pilot. It was controlled either by the controller of a pilot or self-governingly by locally available PCs on the ground or in another vehicle. Modern Quadrotors are evolving than the old designs into a small agile vehicle. The quadrotor is increasingly becoming more and more popular, there is an increasing need for making this vehicle autonomous. The Methods for developing autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles has been an active area of research under the mobile platform. There are many commercially available drone platforms but all of them are required user interaction through a controller. In this work, we have created a control algorithm and trajectory generation for a smooth minimum snap trajectory through the given waypoints. Each waypoint specifies the desired position velocity, yaw, pitch, and roll angles. Such waypoints generated by our algorithm generate a smooth minimum snap trajectory between these waypoints. A PID controller is used to control the motions of the quadrotor in all planes.