Purpose – Workplace stress is a particular issue in the fire service. Research suggests this is related to excessive demands, relationships with senior managers, changing roles and exposure to traumatic events. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact on managers of three mental health promotion interventions. First, a locally developed course entitled “Looking after Wellbeing at Work” (LWW), second, an internationally developed training course: Mental Health First Aid (MHFA). Third, an hour-long leaflet session (LS). Design/methodology/approach – This study used a random allocation design. In total, 176 fire service line managers were randomly allocated to one of the three training conditions: LWW, MHFA, or a control condition (LS). Participants completed The Attitudes to Mental Illness Scale (Luty et al., 2006) and a locally developed “Mental Health Stigma Questionnaire” pre- and post-intervention. Results were analysed using a MANOVA. Participants were also asked to complete a general evaluation, rating all aspects of the courses from poor to excellent. In total, 30 participants were also chosen at random to conduct telephone interviews about their experience of the course. Results were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings – The LWW and MHFA courses were associated with statistically significant improvements in attitudes to mental illness and knowledge/self-efficacy around mental health, comparing pre- and post-scores, and comparing post-scores of the two training courses with a LS. The general evaluations of the LWW and MHFA courses indicated the mean rating for all aspects of both training conditions was good to excellent. Two themes were identified across the qualitative interviews: participants described they were more able to recognise and respond to mental health problems; and participants described changing attitudes towards mental health. Research limitations/implications – The strengths of this study are the number of participants, random allocation, and multiple facets of evaluation. The quantitative evaluation is limited, as one of the questionnaires has untested psychometric properties. The control condition was limited as it was only offered for one hour, making comparison with two-day training problematic. The qualitative evaluation was useful in gaining descriptive data, however, it may have been possible to conduct a more in-depth analysis with a smaller number of participants. Originality/value – The results from this study indicate that providing training in mental health awareness and promotion was considered helpful, by managers in the Fire Service and had positive outcomes for attitudes and understanding about mental health. While there are limitations, initial results of training in mental health promotion are promising. Such training has the potential to promote the public's mental health and wellbeing, and improve the quality of life for people with mental health problems.

There have been a number of studies that have examined the factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS-IV) using the standardization sample. In this study, we investigate its factor structure on a clinical neuropsychology sample of mixed aetiology. Correlated factor, higher-order and bi-factor models are all tested. Overall, the results suggest that the WAIS-IV will be suitable for use with this population.

PROBLEMOne of the chronic problems in personality theory is that of the best way t o conceptualize personality organization. Trait theorists have generally held that organization can be conceived in terms of generalized ways of perceiving and responding to a class of situations. The organizing principle is derived from the learning process, so that functionally related habits become organized into higher-order habits. Different traits are relatively independent of one another. Type theorists, on the other hand, have argued for an over-all unity of personality, a Gestalt quality, such that all the parts have a certain necessary relationship to one another. The organizing principle may be derived either from learning or from heredity, but in either case it is assumed to cover a much more inclusive personality configuration than a specific trait.Freud proposed the classification of certain individuals as personality types on the basis of the relative dominance of anal fixations. He wrote: "Among those whom one tries to help by means of psychoanalytic treatment, one very often meets with a type of character in which certain traits are very strongly marked while at the same time one's attention is arrested by the behavior of these persons in regard to a certain bodily function . . . " (1, p. 45, italics ours.) Freud later noted the existence of an '(oral type" and this concept was elaborated by Abraham(2). Throughout the psychoanalytic literature we find phallic types, narcissistic types, early and late oral types, anal-retentive and anal-expulsive types, and so on.' It seems a legitimate deduction that, if a "type" is a functional, organized unity, then individuals classified into this type should show greater similarities to one another than to persons classified into other types. The technique of correlating persons, therefore, should be a suitable device for testing the appropriateness of the type-theory.An instrument which is admirably adapted to testing the Freudian type-theory is Krout's Personal Preference Scale (KPPS). @). The authors differentiate ten "developmental stages" in personality growth, something of a refinement of orthodox theory, and provide ten test items presumed to be diagnostic of important influences *It is especially interesting to note that in his 1931 paper on "libidinal types" (Collected Works, Vol. V, 247-251), Freud used a totally di€ferent basis for postulating types, and completely ignored his earlier writinga within the framework here described.