Few studies have been done on the effect of a strike on perceptions and attitudes of union members. The unique collective bargaining structure of Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler made it possible to conduct a quasi-experimental study of strike effects. This study tested hypotheses that members on strike will (a) give a higher evaluation of the union and of the leadership, (b) evaluate the benefit package more highly after the strike, (c) become more militant against the employer during the strike, (d) report more willingness to participate in union activities, and (e) show more intraunion cohesion during the strike. Random samples of members of nine local unions (three each from Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler) were surveyed on four occasions: before the 1976 bargaining, during the strike at Ford, after settlement of the national contract, and 7 months after the strike ended. Usable responses totaled 1,182 (405 strikers, 777 nonstrikers). With the exception of greater intraunion cohesion during the strike, all hypotheses are confirmed at significant levels.

Psychology has long been vexed by a persistent controversy concerning the fundamental nature of the learning process. One group of psychologists has held to the intra-cerebral view that the trial-and-error process of learning is represented physiologically by a sort of 'battledore and shuttlecock' process which is limited entirely to the cerebrum. This theory is also implied in the writings of most physiologists and neurologists. Other psychologists have suggested a contrasting peripheral view, to the effect that learning of necessity involves an effector response. The assumption usually made is that the response sets up proprioceptive impulses which play some essential part in bringing about a concatenation of reflex arcs constituting the total response; however, it has also been suggested that some purely motor element is essential to consciousness and therefore to learning.Various indirect methods have been employed in an attempt to solve this problem. Of these, one is the attempt to measure sub-vocal speech during thinking by obtaining records of movements of the throat, larynx, tongue and lips. Such investigations have been carried out by Thorson (17), Clark (3), and others, and the results in general seem to confirm William James' observation (12) that it is very hard to think 'bubble' with the mouth open. A more accurate method of investigating the motor responses occurring concurrently with mental states has been used by Jacobson,(9,10,11), who was able to show that imagining a given movement was always associated with electrical changes in the appropriate body part. Furthermore, Jacobson has shown in more recent work that various substitute responses may occur if the appropriate response is impossible.

A questionnaire regarding corporate decision-making (dm) practices was mailed to 500 vice-presidents of 125 large firms Response rate was 50%. Data indicate that many goals other than profit maximization are important in decisions, and that estimates of marginal costs and profits are not always carefully made. Profitability and executive satisfaction with decision-making practices are positively correlated Factor analysis reveals at least three important dimensions of dm process: managerial cohesiveness, formal procedures in dm, and centralization-decentralization. Factor scores derived from these factors were significantly different for firms in top and bottom thirds on profitability However, these scores did not predict increases or decreases in profitability over a 7-yr. time span. Interpretation favors the view of the corporation as a coalition, with social role and personal bias of the executive affecting his decisions. Participative practices are supported as both satisfying and profitable.

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8) has recently reopened the topic, but without taking any definite stand. * Newman, Perkins and Wheeler almost convinced themselves of this point, but not quite. * Obviously only the reflex responses can be shown to occur in mild anesthesia, etc., which situations have bothered Newman, Perkins and Wheeler. The individual was unable to make a verbal (i^., 'conscious') report.