It makes historians of education uncomfortable to admit that much of their knowledge of Southern teachers-and American teachers generally-rests on histories written more than half a century ago. "Cubberlian" may be the most pejorative adjective in the educational historian's lexicon, followed closely by "Knightian" if the historian is a Southerner. Yet the portraits of teachers that appear in Ellwood P. Cubberley's Public Education in the United States (1919) and Edgar W. Knight's Public Education in the South (1922) bear a striking resemblance to the portraits in many recent histories.' The portraits have been hanging on the museum wall for so long that most educational historians can describe them without looking. Before the Civil War, American teachers were typically male, impoverished, itinerant, and marginally literate. Southern teachers had the same characteristics, but to an even greater degree. After the Civil War, as feminization affected first the North, then the West, and finally the South, the image of female teachers from humble farming backgrounds with modest amounts of schooling became the national standard. With these highly stylized portraits in place by the 1920s, few historians saw the need to pay further attention to teachers. Some of those who did were black scholars. Keenly aware that the portraits on the wall were of white teachers, Horace Mann Bond built on theworkofW. E. B. DuBois, CarterG. Woodson, and other black researchers in The Education of the Negro in the American Social Order (1934), which contained a chapter on black teachers in the South. Bond's analysis seems today much more "modern" than that of Cubberley and Knight, obviously because his racial attitudes were closer to those of today's historians, but more importantly because Bond was more sensitive to the "larger context" of black education. Focusing on the South's dual school systems, Bond painted a vivid picture of conditions behind the wall of segregation. 2

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The Village Fund is a fund sourced from the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget, which is destroyed for the village, financial assistance from the APBN is expected to be a source of village income to support existing development in the village. The Village Fund is fully utilized to facilitate the development and empowerment of rural communities which aim to improve the welfare of rural communities, improve the quality of life and alleviate poverty. Implementation, administration, reporting and accountability of village funds must be in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs (Minister of Home Affairs Regulation) No. 113 of 2014. Villages are given the authority to take care of governance and implementation of development independently to improve the welfare and quality of life of rural communities. The village government is expected to independently manage the government and the various resources it has, including the management of finances and assets belonging to the village. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the implementation of Village Fund financial management in the planning, implementation, administration, reporting and accountability processes as well as the obstacles faced during the implementation of village fund financial management. To achieve these objectives, researchers used data collection techniques through, observation, interviews and documentation. The data obtained from the research results are processed using qualitative analysis to determine the implementation of village fund allocations in Kuatae Village, Soe City District, TTS Regency. Sources of data used are primary data sources (observation and interviews) and secondary (documentation of various book sources) relating to the empirical situation and conditions regarding the implementation of Village Fund Management. The results showed that the implementation of the Village Fund Policy in supporting development in Kuatae village has been carried out, although there are still deficiencies in its management. The output of this research are: 1) Implementation of Village Fund Financial Management in Supporting Development and Empowerment of Rural Communities in Kuatae Village, Soe City District, TTS Regency.

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