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This study examines fifty-four scores from the collection of Ricordi materials held at the Northwestern University Music Library in Evanston, Illinois (US-Eu). The scores are music for solo voice and accompanying instrument printed in oblong quarto format, and were issued between 1808 and 1857. Most of the pieces are opera arrangements, but some of the earliest Ricordi scores in this study are original pieces or small collections of pieces for voice and a keyboard instrument or guitar. This study covers the career of the firm’s founder, Giovanni Ricordi, who died in 1853, as well as the trajectory of the firm through the publication of a major catalog in 1857. After some remarks about Ricordi’s business practices as evidenced in the material at hand, I take a close look at the scores to comment on the firm’s use of paper (including a study of the watermarks), its application of engraving and lithography, and the design of the scores. At the end of the discussion, a detailed checklist of the scores under consideration is presented. Using a chronological limit and a focus on vocal music, Ricordi’s printing techniques can be examined in detail, and light can be shed on the music available to the growing market of amateur singers and pianists at the time.

Introduction Population‐based biomarker surveys are the gold standard for estimating HIV prevalence but are susceptible to substantial non‐participation (up to 30%). Analytical missing data methods, including inverse‐probability weighting (IPW) and multiple imputation (MI), are biased when data are missing‐not‐at‐random, for example when people living with HIV more frequently decline participation. Heckman‐type selection models can, under certain assumptions, recover unbiased prevalence estimates in such scenarios. Methods We pooled data from 142,706 participants aged 15–49 years from nationally representative cross‐sectional Population‐based HIV Impact Assessments in seven countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, conducted between 2015 and 2018 in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho and Eswatini. We compared sex‐stratified HIV prevalence estimates from unadjusted, IPW, MI and selection models, controlling for household and individual‐level predictors of non‐participation, and assessed the sensitivity of selection models to the copula function specifying the correlation between study participation and HIV status. Results In total, 84.1% of participants provided a blood sample to determine HIV serostatus (range: 76% in Malawi to 95% in Uganda). HIV prevalence estimates from selection models diverged from IPW and MI models by up to 5% in Lesotho, without substantial precision loss. In Tanzania, the IPW model yielded lower HIV prevalence estimates among males than the best‐fitting copula selection model (3.8% vs. 7.9%). Conclusions We demonstrate how HIV prevalence estimates from selection models can differ from those obtained under missing‐at‐random assumptions. Further benefits include exploration of plausible relationships between participation and outcome. While selection models require additional assumptions and careful specification, they are an important tool for triangulating prevalence estimates in surveys with substantial missing data due to non‐participation.