Over the past 20 years, an increased understanding has been developed of what interventions do and do not work with offenders. Treatment programs that attend to offender risk, needs, and responsivity factors have been associated with reduced recidivism. There is also a recognition that sanctions without a rehabilitative component are ineffective in reducing offender recidivism. This study evaluates a cognitive-behavioral treatment program delivered within the context of intensive community supervision via electronic monitoring (EM). Offenders receiving treatment while in an EM program were statistically matched on risk and needs factors to inmates who did not receive treatment services. The results showed that treatment was effective in reducing recidivism for higher risk offenders, confirming the risk principle of offender treatment. The importance of matching treatment intensity to offender risk level and ensuring that there is a treatment component in intensive supervision programs is reaffirmed.

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1. In many insects, males provide nuptial gifts to females in the form of spermatophores, sperm‐containing structures produced by male accessory glands. 2. The work reported here examined the influence of both spermatophore number and spermatophore size on female reproductive output in two related firefly beetles, Photinus ignitus and Ellychnia corrusca (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Based on differences in adult diet, male spermatophores were predicted to increase female reproductive output to a greater extent in P. ignitus than in E. corrusca. 3. Female fecundity was significantly higher in triply mated females than in singly mated females in both species, with no difference between mating treatments in female lifespan or egg hatching success. No effects of second male spermatophore size on fecundity, lifespan, or egg hatching success were detected in either species. 4. These results suggest a direct fitness advantage from multiple mating for females in both species, although enhanced fecundity may be due either to allocation of spermatophore nutrients to eggs or to other substances transferred within the spermatophore acting as oviposition stimulants.