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In the past few decades, a particular need for a child-centered perspective has emerged, based on evidence that children are more susceptible to environmental and social risks, and that they have different needs than adults do. This article examines issues affecting children in existing measurements and presents conceptual considerations for future work toward defining and measuring child poverty. Current definitions and measures of poverty are generally circumscribed to levels of income, satisfaction of basic needs, and issues of basic human rights; in a few cases, some well-being measures include child health, nutrition, and education. These limitations likely impede the chances that researchers will be able to capture and understand the effects of other important aspects of this phenomenon. Measures need to address the diversity of issues and dimensions that current child developmental frameworks define as the most important. A broader approach to definition and measurement that includes these developmental issues would not only affect the way we understand poverty but also inform the design of future research, social programs, and policies.

The purpose of this article is to propGse an integrated theory Qf personality ． First ， various personality related thoughts are reviewed ， and a process model of personality is proposed ． The processes of the model consist of psychological situation ， cognition ， information processing system （ the nervous system ） ， inner response ， and overt behavior． The pattern of connections among the processes is called temperament in a broad sense ． Then ， psychopathological studies are reviewed and examined theoretically ， and a new typo 重 ogical model is constructed ． The model is based on three basic temperament types ： cyclothymic ， schizothyrnic ， and collothymic ； and each temperament type includes its basic disposition and two personality subtypes ． The new " three temperalnent type − oomposite structure mode1 " fits we11 with both traditional psychopathological studies and general personality research ． Fina11y ， an attempt is made to combine trait dimensions with the model ， by applying the concept of " fractai " to personality．

Fantasy proneness, absorption, and daydreaming are all associated with the higher order construct, imaginative involvement. However, there is no measurement instrument that assesses all three together, and existing measures are biased toward negatively valenced items. This research presents a balanced and unified measure, adapted from the Creative Experiences Questionnaire, the Tellegen Absorption Scale, and the Short Imaginal Processes Inventory, by incorporating new items addressing positive valence and novelty in imaginative involvement. In Study 1 (N ¼ 201), we found that our hypothesized four lower order factors underlie imaginative involvement: Negative Fantasy, Sensory Imagery Intensity, Daydream Novelty, and Positive Fantasy. Reliability analyses yielded favorable internal consistency of each scale, and confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate model fit. Study 2 (N ¼ 91) provided further convergent and predictive validation of the four-factor model by showing that Positive Affect, Extraversion, Negative Affect, and personality-based Openness were differentially associated with the four lower order factors of Imagination, Cognition and Personality: Consciousness in Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice 0(0) 1-25 ! The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav