Can Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN) be considered green? Is OSN greener than other downstream processing technologies? These are the two main questions addressed critically in the present review. Further questions dealt with in the review are as follows: What is the carbon footprint associated with the fabrication and disposal of membrane modules? How much solvent has to be processed by OSN before the environmental burden of OSN is less than the environmental burden of alternative technologies? What are the main challenges for improving the sustainability of OSN? How can the concept of Quality by Design (QbD) improve and assist the progress of the OSN field? Does the scale have an effect on the sustainability of membrane processes? The green aspects of OSN membrane fabrication, processes development and scale-up as well as the supporting concept of QbD, and solvent recovery technologies are critically assessed and future research directions are given, in this review. Gyorgy Szekely Gyorgy received his MSc degree in Chemical Engineering from the Technical University of Budapest, and he earned his PhD degree in Chemistry under Marie Curie Actions from the Technical University of Dortmund. He worked as an Early Stage Researcher in Hovione PharmaScience and an IAESTE Fellow at the University of Tokyo. He is currently a Research Associate in Imperial College London. His multidisciplinary professional background covers supramolecular chemistry, organic and analytical chemistry, molecular recognition, molecular imprinting, process development, nanofiltration and pharmaceutical impurity scavenging. He is the Secretary General of the Marie Curie Fellows Association and a Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

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Tackling the wastewater challenge in polymer membrane manufacturing with a continuous adsorption process.

In this review, thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and electrospinning methods for preparation of fluoropolymer membranes are assessed, particularly for the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene membranes. This review focuses on controlling the membrane morphology from the thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives to understand the relationship between the membrane morphology and fabrication parameters. In addition, the current status of the nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method and the combined NIPS-TIPS (N-TIPS) method, which is a new emerging fabrication method, are discussed. The past literature data are compiled and an upperbound curve (permeability vs. tensile strength) is proposed for the TIPS-prepared PVDF membranes. Furthermore, the key parameters that control and determine the membrane morphology when using the electrospinning method are reviewed. Exploiting the unique advantages of the electrospinning method, our current understanding in controlling and finetuning the PVDF crystal polymorphism (i.e., b-phase) is critically assessed. V C 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 461-490, 2016 Figure 15. Cross section of 40 wt % PVDF/GBL hollow fiber membranes: (left) with LiCl additive, (middle) with glycerol additive, (right) with LiCl and glycerol additives.Formation of such fine pores nearly doubled the flux without losing mechanical strength. 28 481 TEM images of 4 wt % PVP nanofibers from different compositions of EtOH/DMF: (b) 65/35, (c) 50/50, (d) 35/65, and (e) SEM image of 4 wt % PVP nanofibers using EtOH/DMF (50/50). 146 482