For biomedical applications, various delivery methods have been studied, including penetrating peptides, stimuli-sensitive chemistry, endosomal escape, and fusogenic liposome for enhancing the cytosolic delivery efficiency of biomolecules.

In many cases, a single mode of cancer therapy shows limited efficacy in treating complex and heterogeneous tumors. To improve cancer treatment, combining chemo-, photodynamic-, photothermal-, radio-, and immunotherapy is...