Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are major crop pathogens worldwide. Trichoderma genus fungi are recognized biocontrol agents and a direct activity of Trichoderma atroviride (Ta) against the RKN Meloidogyne javanica (Mj), in terms of 42% reduction of number of galls (NG), 60% of number of egg masses and 90% of number of adult nematodes inside the roots, has been observed in tomato grown under greenhouse conditions. An in vivo split-root designed experiment served to demonstrate that Ta induces systemic resistance towards Mj, without the need for the organisms to be in direct contact, and significantly reduces NG (20%) and adult nematodes inside tomato roots (87%). The first generation (F1) of Ta-primed tomato plants inherited resistance to RKN; although, the induction of defenses occurred through different mechanisms, and in varying degrees, depending on the Ta-Mj interaction. Plant growth promotion induced by Ta was inherited without compromising the level of resistance to Mj, as the progeny of Ta-primed plants displayed increased size and resistance to Mj without fitness costs. Gene expression results from the defense inductions in the offspring of Ta-primed plants, suggested that an auxin-induced reactive oxygen species production promoted by Ta may act as a major defense strategy during plant growth.
Com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de crescimento de raízes em camadas de solo compactadas, quatro espécies de plantas de cobertura (amaranto, milheto ADR 500, capim pé-de-galinha e kenaf) foram cultivadas em anéis de PVC, com níveis de compactação em subsuperfície (densidade do solo: 1,18; 1,34; 1,51 e 1,60 Mg m-3), sendo o experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. A camada compactada em subsuperfície foi restritiva ao crescimento de raízes das espécies estudadas, ocasionando a concentração de raízes na camada superficial. O milheto ADR 500 e o amaranto foram as espécies que se destacaram na produção de massa seca da parte aérea e conseguiram desenvolver-se nas camadas compactadas e abaixo delas. O milheto ADR500 apresentou maior densidade de comprimento radicular em todas as camadas. O capim pé-de-galinha e o amaranto tiveram comportamento semelhante quanto à densidade de comprimento radicular. O capim pé-de-galinha e o kenaf apresentaram menor massa seca de raízes em relação às demais espécies. O kenaf apresentou menores valores de massa seca da parte aérea, mas não foi afetado pela presença de camadas compactadas.
Com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento de plantas de cobertura sob diferentes níveis de compactação do solo, instalou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de um fatorial com quatro espécies de cobertura do solo: guandu (Cajanus cajan), gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.), milheto ADR 300 (Pennisetum glaucum L.) e quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), em quatro níveis de compactação em subsuperficie (densidade do solo: 1,18; 1,34; 1,51 e 1,60 Mg m-3) em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico. A compactação do solo em subsuperficie foi restritiva ao crescimento de raízes das espécies estudadas, concentrando-as na camada superior. O milheto ADR 300 destacou-se na produção de massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e conseguiu desenvolver-se nas camadas compactadas e abaixo delas. O aumento da densidade do solo na camada compactada não influenciou na densidade de comprimento radicular das espécies Cajanus cajan, Sesamum indicum e Chenopodium quinoa; todavia, essas espécies apresentaram desempenho inferior, quando comparadas com o Pennisetum glaucum var. ADR 300, que mostrou maior densidade de comprimento radicular em todas as camadas e densidades.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes porta-enxertos no desempenho das cultivares de macieira (Malus domestica) Imperial Gala e Mishima Fuji. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Performance of 'Imperial Gala' and 'Mishima Fuji' apples on different rootstocksAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate rootstock effect on the performance of the Imperial Gala and Mishima Fuji apple (Malus domestica) cultivars. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. The CG.969, CG.874, CG.210, CG.56, CG.008, JM.2, and JM.7 rootstocks were used, besides the combination of Marubakaido with the M.9 interstock (Marubakaido/M.9). The assessed parameters were: production per tree, yield, number of fruit per tree, fruit weight, trunk cross-sectional area, soluble solids, fruit firmness, and starch-iodine index. Both cultivars showed greater yield when grafted onto the Marubakaido/M.9, JM.2, CG.008, CG.874, CG.210, and CG.56 rootstocks. In addition, the CG.008, CG.874, CG.210, and CG.56 rootstocks decrease tree vigor, but without reducing yield. Soluble solids content in fruit is greater when less vigorous rootstocks are used.
Our study surveyed Meloidogyne spp. from tobacco cultivars in Brazil carrying the Rk gene, which confers resistance to Meloidogyne incognita races 1 and 3. Identification of Meloidogyne populations from 39 tobacco fields was based on the analysis of esterase phenotypes, perineal patterns, and 18S-internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S ribosomal RNA sequences. Biometric characterization and differential host tests of isolates were determined as well. We detected M. incognita, M. javanica, M. enterolobii, M. arenaria, and M. inornata in 18 (46.2%), 16 (41%), 10 (25.6%), 2 (5.1%), and 1 (2.6%) samples, respectively. Mixtures of species were found in 25.6% of the samples. This is the first report of M. inornata parasitizing tobacco in Brazil’s southern region. Two morphological and biochemically unusual populations had host ranges and ITS1 sequences nearly identical to M. enterolobii and M. incognita, respectively. Pathogenic and biometric intraspecific variations were observed. Based on our results and considering the limited efficiency of the Rk gene, it is indispensable not only to search for resistance sources to M. incognita virulent strains but also to consider resistance to M. enterolobii, M. inornata, M. arenaria, and M. javanica in tobacco breeding programs. Changes in integrated management procedures should be considered to avoid increased crop damage in the future.
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