Fibrinogen concentration is a major determinant of both clotting and bleeding risk. Clotting and bleeding disorders cause extensive morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-poor and emergency settings. This is exacerbated by a lack of timely intervention informed by measurement of fibrinogen levels under conditions such as thrombosis or postpartum haemorrhage. There is an absence of simple, rapid, low-cost, and sustainable diagnostic devices for fibrinogen measurement that can be deployed in such environments. Paper-based analytical devices are of significant interest due to their potential for low-cost production, ease of use, and environmental sustainability. In this work, a device for measuring blood plasma fibrinogen using chromatography paper was developed. Wax printing was used to create hydrophobic structures to define the test channel and sample application zone. Test strips were modified with bovine thrombin. Plasma samples (22 μL) were applied, and the flow rate was monitored over 5 min. As the sample traversed the strip, clotting was induced by the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. The flow rate and distance travelled by the sample were dependent on fibrinogen concentration. The device was able to measure fibrinogen concentration in the range of 0.5–7.0 ± 0.3 mg/mL ( p < 0.05, n = 24) and had excellent correlation with laboratory coagulometry in artificial samples ( r 2 = 0.9582, n = 60). Devices were also stable at 4–6 °C for up to 3 weeks.

Disorders of haemostasis result in both excessive bleeding and clotting and are a major global cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the developing world. A small number of simple...

Contaminated food cause by pathogens is one of the main reasons incidences of human diseases cases all around the world. Typically, most foodborne contaminants caused by bacteria, parasites and virus that have a major economic impact. It is important to restrain them, thus early detection system is very crucial. Several methods have been explored for the detection and identification of these microorganisms in food samples. However, some of these methods are involves complicated sample pre-treatment, laborious, time-consuming and are not suitable for on-site applications. Therefore, it is very important to develop rapid, sensitive, selective and more approachable detection methods. Recently, biosensors have been explored as alternative approach method and considered as one of most rapid and onsite applicable methods. Advancements in nanotechnology have provided biosensor with novel architecture by using nanoscaled materials and structures for enhance the biosensing performance. This article highlights the significant progress of nanosensor based on electrochemical and optical, and other types of nanosensors with the focus on the foodborne pathogen detection.