ABSTRACT. The environmental and nutritional conditions during plant growth can influence cell differentiation, resulting in anatomical and physiological adaptations. The objective of this study was to investigate the anatomical characteristics and chlorophyll content of L. purpurata during in vitro propagation when different concentrations of urea were applied. After 120 days of culture in a greenhouse, the growth characteristics, chlorophyll content, leaf anatomy and root features were assessed. Plants cultivated in a medium containing 75% urea exhibited modifications in their growth, increase in the number of leaves and roots, changes in the leaf and root dry matter content. There was an increase in the contents of "a" and "b" chlorophyll in plants treated with 50, 75 and 100% urea. An increase in the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ("a/b") was observed in plants treated with 25% urea compared with the controls. In plants treated with 75% urea, increases in the thicknesses of the mesophyll and the leaf blade were observed, and reductions in the number of layers of root cells, the velamen thickness, the exodermis and the vascular cylinder were observed. These results indicate that this species has a tolerance to urea and exhibits higher growth in vitro.Keywords: Laelia purpurata, cultivation in vitro, sources of organic nitrogen.Alterações anatômicas e síntese de clorofila em orquídea propagada in vitro na presença de uréia RESUMO. O ambiente assim como as condições de cultivo e tipo de nutrição podem influenciar na diferenciação celular, resultando em adaptações anatômicas e fisiológicas. O objetivo foi estudar características anatômicas e o teor de clorofila de L. purpurata "carnea" propagadas in vitro quando aplicado diferentes concentrações de uréia. Após 120 dias em sala de crescimento, foram avaliadas características de crescimento, teor de clorofila, aspectos anatômicos foliares e radiculares. Ocorreram modificações nas características de crescimento das plantas cultivadas em meio com 75% de uréia, resultando em aumento do número de folhas, raízes, teor de massa seca foliar e radicular. Houve aumento no teor de clorofila "a" e "b" nos tratamentos com 50, 75 e 100% de uréia. Foi observado aumento da razão de clorofilas "a/b" no tratamento com 25% de uréia, quando comparado com o controle. Na concentração de 75% de uréia foi observado aumento da espessura do mesofilo, limbo foliar, redução do número de camada de células radiculares, espessura do velame, exoderme e cilindro vascular. Tais resultados indicam que a espécie possui tolerância à uréia, possibilitando maior taxa de crescimento em condições in vitro.Palavras-chave: Laelia purpurata, cultivo in vitro, fontes de nitrogênio orgânico.
As modificações nos tecidos internos da folha, em especial as dimensões das cavidades de armazenamento de óleo, estão condicionadas a fatores genéticos; porém, a intensidade e a qualidade da radiação podem interferir na ontogênese e na densidade dos elementos secretores. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da intensidade e da qualidade de luz sobre as características anatômicas foliares, analisando-se as cavidades secretoras de óleo e a produção de biomassa seca em plantas jovens de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. As plantas foram cultivadas por seis meses em ambientes cobertos com malhas de polipropileno, nas cores vermelha, azul e preta com 50% e 70% de sombreamento, e a pleno sol. As plantas cultivadas sob malhas coloridas, quando comparadas com o pleno sol, não exibiram diferenças estatísticas quanto à espessura do limbo foliar-vermelha (344,08 µm), azul (349,48 µm), preta 50% (325,22 µm) e preta 70% (336,48 µm)-nem quanto ao diâmetro dos feixes vasculares da nervura central-pleno sol (14,60 µm), vermelha (16,12 µm), azul (14,76 µm) preta 50% (14,76 µm) e preta 70% (15,48 µm); no entanto, as plantas apresentaram diferenças quanto à densidade estomática, aos diâmetros das cavidades secretoras e à biomassa seca. A formação de mudas de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. com o uso de malha azul com sombreamento de 50% é adequada.
Water availability is a critical point for dryland recovered on tropical regions of the world. This problem to become higher with the lacking information about the ecophysiologial behavior of the native plants on the initial growth stage under field conditions, mainly when these plants are submitted to different water availability levels. To address this question, we evaluated different water management strategies on the ecophysiological features of the five young native plants establishment in a degraded area located in the Caatinga, a dryland Brazilian forest. The water management strategies effects on native plants were checked by analyzing the photosynthesis rates, gas exchange and photochemistry efficiency in leaves of Crataeva tapia, Erythrina mulungu, Handroanthus impetiginosus, Tabebuia aurea and Ziziphus joazeiro. The experiment had four treatments (waterbox use, bovine manure, hydrogel, bovine manure plus hydrogel) and control. In the initial growth stage and under field conditions, the effects of water stress or water deficiency on the photosynthetic rates, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence a of the T. aurea, H. impetiginosus, C. tapia and E. mulungu, exposed to waterbox and hydrogel, associated or not with bovine manure, were partially or totally mitigated. The Z. joazeiro species has the adaptive intrinsic characteristics that allow them to with stand the most stressful environmental conditions and this naturally allowed presenting greater water use efficiency and absence of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and high Fv/Fm ratio. In general, the water management strategies studied have alleviated the effects of water stress, totally or partially, on the ecophysiological processes of young native plants under field conditions.
ABSTRACT. The technique of hybridization using plant protoplasts is widely used in plant breeding programs. The purpose of our study is to further characterize the process of protoplast isolation from the ornamental species Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith. Protoplasts were isolated from different tissues: in vitro leaves, in vitro pseudostem, and leaves from plants cultivated hydroponically. We tested six enzymatic combinations, four incubation time periods, the rotary system (40 rpm) or steady in the dark, and three concentrations of mannitol (0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 M). The diameter and viability of obtained protoplasts were evaluated. The best source of explants used for protoplast isolation was the in vitro leaves, which yielded 22x10 5 protoplasts g -1 of fresh matter. The optimal incubation period was 15 hours. The in vitro leaves presented a greater viability (96%) and larger protoplasts (36.7 μm diameter). Greater yields were obtained using a rotatory system with protoplasts incubated in the dark. The best enzymatic combination was 3% Cellulase "Onozuca" R-10 + 2% Meicelase + 1% Driselase + 1% Dextran + 5 mM MES, followed by the addition of 0.6 M mannitol. MF. O melhor tempo de incubação foi 15 horas, pois períodos superiores a este causavam diminuição no rendimento e viabilidade dos protoplastos. Protoplastos de folhas in vitro apresentaram viabilidade de 96% e diâmetro de 36,7 μm. Maiores rendimentos foram alcançados em sistema rotatório e no escuro. A melhor combinação enzimática utilizada no atual trabalho foi a 3% Cellulase "Onozuka" R-10 + 2% Meicelase + 1% Driselase + 1% Dextran + 5 mM MES. A melhor concentração de manitol foi de 0,6 M.Palavras-chave: FDA, planta ornamental, combinações enzimáticas, período de incubação.
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