There is currently no international consensus on how human germline engineering should be regulated. Existing national legislation fails to provide the governance framework necessary to regulate germline engineering in the CRISPR era. This is an obstacle to scientific and clinical advancements and inconsistent with human rights requirements. To move forward, we suggest that the human right to science is an ideal starting point for building consensus, at the national and international levels, on governing principles that promote responsible scientific and technological advancements. Regulatory frameworks must recognize the international nature of modern germline genome engineering research, the need for shared governance rather than tech-locked prohibitions, and the fact that humans are not their germline.

Litigation involving individuals and entities whose financial assets have been frozen and whose names have been blacklisted in the fight against terrorism is on the rise around the world. However, the global 'securitization' of terrorism has rendered court performance of judicial review and the provision of remedies in these cases more difficult. What the main judicial challenges are, the need to overcome them, and how they can be overcome, are identified in this article as questions of central concern in an effort to secure the human right of effective access to justice for persons subjected to counter-terrorism sanctions. Special attention is given to the specific challenges facing the Court of Justice in the European Communities, the manner in which it has responded, and outstanding issues.

It is the version sent to the publisher, before editing. Please, cite to the published book. This chapter is the conclusions of the book. It gives the reader a summary of the current national regulatory standards in the 18 States discussed in the book, and asks to what extent they meet international human rights standards, and, in particular, the five foundational principles that a reading of international bioethics law combined with international human rights standards suggests: i) freedom of research; ii) benefit sharing; iii) solidarity; iv) respect for dignity; and v) the obligation to respect and to protect the rights and individual freedoms of others.

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