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In order to evaluate the survivability of airborne viruses and the sampling performance of an eight-stage non-viable Andersen impactor in typical indoor environments featuring low viral aerosol concentrations, aerosols of a male-specific bacteriophage (MS2), human adenovirus type 1 (HAdV-1), and avian influenza virus (AIV) were sampled size-selectively using the impactor in an environmental chamber. Live virus titer, total virus RNA or DNA concentration, and intensity of a fluorescein tracer were measured to calculate relative virus recovery and virus survival. Viral aerosols were first sampled for 1 and 6 h at 25 C and 50% relative humidity (RH). Virus inactivation and plate overloading were found to be significant in the impactor. Viral aerosols were then sampled at different temperature and humidity levels. MS2 and AIV showed higher survival at lower temperature. Absolute humidity (AH) was found to be a better predictor of virus survival than RH, and the interaction between AH and temperature was not significant. For the tested AH range of 8.8 to 15.2 g/m 3 , MS2 and HAdV-1 had the highest survival at the lowest AH while AIV had the highest survival at the highest AH. More than 95% of mass collected was for particles smaller than 4.7 mm, with the mass median diameter of 1.5 mm. In the nebulizer, virus inactivation was not significant at 10 psi (69 kPa) compressed air pressure for up to 6 h of nebulization. Nebulizer analysis also reveals that the use of fluorescein tracer may not always accurately predict the physical loss of virus.

Transdisciplinary One Health (OH) approaches have been rediscovered as a promising tactic for addressing complex health risks at the human-animal-ecosystem interface. However, there is little evidence of widespread adoption of OH approaches as the new operating normal for addressing these complex health issues. We have used a transformational change model as an evaluation tool and part of an overall assessment of the global adoption of OH approaches. This assessment establishes a point of reference for measuring progress toward OH approaches being the new operating normal. Global adoption of OH approaches will require more strategic efforts to build the case (value proposition), recruiting a broader pool of One Health champions, solidifying partnerships and unifying OH efforts.