Influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks constitute a constant threat to public health and pose a remarkable impact on socio-economic systems worldwide. Interactions between wild and domestic birds, humans and swine can lead to spillover events. Backyard livestock systems in proximity to wetlands represent high-risk areas for viral spread. However, some gaps remain in our knowledge of IAV transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface in Mexico. Hence, the study aimed at molecular identification and phylogenetic characterization of IAV in the wild duck-backyard livestock interface at a wetland of Mexico. A total of 875 animals were tested by real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). We detected IAV in 3.68% of the wild ducks sampled during the winter season 2016-2017. Nonetheless, the samples obtained from backyard poultry and swine tested negative. The highest IAV frequency (11.10%) was found in the Mexican duck (Anas diazi). Subtypes H1N1, H3N2 and H5N2 were detected.Phylogenetic analyses revealed that IAV detected in wild birds from the Lerma wetlands was mostly related to swine and poultry IAV strains previously isolated in the United States and Mexico. Except, the UIFMVZ377/H5N2 related to North American waterbirds. In conclusion, the co-circulation of three IAV subtypes in wild ducks close to backyard farms in Mexico, as well as the local identification of influenza viruses genetically related to Mexican and North American IAV strains, highlights the importance of the Lerma marshes for influenza surveillance given the close interaction among wild birds, poultry, pigs and humans.
The current COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for zoonotic infectious disease surveillance. Avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a significant threat to animal and public health due to its pandemic potential. Virus-contaminated water has been suggested as an important AIV spread mechanism among multiple species. Nevertheless, few studies have characterized the global AIV subtype diversity and distribution in environmental water. Therefore, this study aims to provide an updated descriptive and phylogenetic analysis of AIVs isolated in water samples from high risk-sites for influenza outbreaks (i.e. live bird markets, poultry farms, and wild bird habitats) on a global scale. The descriptive analysis evidenced that 21 subtypes were reported from nine countries between 2003 and 2020. Fourteen AIV subtypes were solely reported from Asian countries. Most of the viral sequences were obtained in China and Bangladesh with 47.44% and 23.93%, respectively. Likewise, the greatest global AIV subtype diversity was observed in China with 12 subtypes. Live bird markets represented the main sampling site for AIV detection in water samples (64.1%), mostly from poultry cage water. Nevertheless, the highest subtype diversity was observed in water samples from wild bird habitats, especially from the Izumi plain and the Dongting Lake located in Japan and China, respectively. Water from drinking poultry troughs evidenced the greatest subtype diversity in live bird markets; meanwhile, environmental water used by ducks had the highest number of different subtypes in poultry farms.Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes showed that some sequences were closely related among different poultry/wild bird-related environments from different geographic origins. Therefore, the results suggest that even though the availability of gene sequences in public-access databases varies greatly among countries, environmental AIV surveillance represents a useful tool to elucidate potential viral diversity in wild and domestic bird populations.
El objetivo del estudio fue priorizar las enfermedades bacterianas zoonóticas presentes en la interfaz cerdos silvestres (Sus scrofa), cerdos domésticos y humanos en Colombia. Se realizó una revisión de sistemas de indexación y resúmenes (SIR) y de datos del Sistema Mundial de Información Zoosanitaria (WAHID/WAHIS). Se empleó el método de priorización semi-cuantitativo basado en la evidencia con 27 criterios en cinco categorías: epidemiología, prevención/control, economía/comercio, salud pública y sociedad, con valores entre 0 (sin riesgo) y 7 (riesgo severo). La salmonelosis (148 puntos) y la tuberculosis (148) presentaron potencial zoonótico alto, con evidencia de mayor puntuación en los criterios de epidemiología, salud pública y sociedad; seguido de yersiniosis (140) y brucelosis (127) con potencial zoonótico medio, y finalmente leptospirosis (119) y pasteurelosis (114) con potencial zoonótico bajo. Objetivo. Priorizar las enfermedades bacterianas zoonóticas presentes en la interfaz cerdos silvestres (Sus scrofa), cerdos domésticos y humanos en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de sistemas de indexación y resúmenes (SIRes), de datos del Sistema Mundial de Información Zoosanitaria (WAHID/WAHIS) y se empleó el método de priorización semi-cuantitativo basado en la evidencia con 27 criterios en 5 categorías: epidemiología, prevención/control, economía/comercio, salud pública y sociedad, valorados de 0-7. Resultados. Se encontró que salmonelosis (148) y tuberculosis (148) presentaron potencial zoonótico alto, con evidencia de mayor puntuación en los criterios de epidemiología, salud pública y sociedad; seguido de yersiniosis (140) y brucelosis (127) con potencial zoonótico medio; finalmente leptospirosis (119) y pasteurelosis (114) con potencial bajo. Conclusión. Aunque la salmonelosis y la tuberculosis fueron las enfermedades con mayor puntuación, las cuales tienen grandes efectos económicos en la industria porcícola; falta una mayor vigilancia epidemiológica especialmente en la región 3 y 4 de Colombia donde departamentos, como Bolívar, cumplen un papel importante en la transmisión de la enfermedad al ser áreas de mayor riesgo epidemiológico y presencia de interacción entre cerdos silvestres (Sus scrofa) y cerdos domésticos.
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