Un aná li sis de coin te gra ción en pa nel* Je sús Díaz Pe dro za, Arman do Sán chez Var gas y Mi guel Ángel Men do za Gon zá lez** RESUMENEl ob je ti vo de es te ar tícu lo es ofre cer evi den cia em pí ri ca de la con ver gen cia del PIB per capi ta de los es ta dos de la Re pu bli ca Me xi ca na ha cia el PIB del Dis tri to Fe de ral, al que con si de ra mos co mo la eco no mía lí der (Ba rro y Sa la-i- Martin, 1991Martin, , 1992. Pa ra ello, se apli can dos prue bas de raí ces uni ta rias y ocho de coin te gra ción en panel (Im, Pe sa ran y Shin, 1997;Le vin-Lin, 1993;Pe dro ni, 2001; Lars son, 2001). Estas prue bas re suel ven el pro ble ma de las dis tor sio nes por el uso de mues tras peque ñas, pro pias de las se ries de tiem po. Las prue bas de raí ces uni ta rias mues tran que no hay evi den cia de con ver gen cia ab so lu ta de 1970 a 2004 y pa ra otros dos subpe rio dos. Sin em bar go, las prue bas de coin te gra ción arro jan evi den cia en fa vor de la con ver gen cia con di cio nal pa ra el mis mo pe rio do. Las es ti ma cio nes de la ve lo cidad de con ver gen cia (Mark y Sul, 2003) in di can que las re gio nes más ri cas con vergen más rá pi da men te que las po bres. ABSTRACTThe main ob jec ti ve of this pa per is to pro vi de em pi ri cal evi den ce re gar ding per capi ta in co me con ver gen ce of the sta tes of the Me xi can Re pu blic to wards the in co me 407* Pa la bras cla ve: Con ver gen cia, prue bas de raí ces uni ta rias, prue bas de coin te gra ción con da tos de pa nel, mí ni mos cua dra dos or di na rios di ná mi cos (DOLS). Cla si fi ca ción JEL: O18, R11, C33. ** J. Díaz Pe dro za, UAM-Izta pa la pa (co rreo elec tró ni co: jdiazpmx@yahoo.com.mx). A. Sán chez Var gas, Fa cul tad de Eco no mía, UNAM (co rreo elec tró ni co: sva@ser vi dor.unam.mx). M. A. Men do za Gon zá lez, Fa cul tad de Eco no mía, UNAM (co rreo elec tró ni co: men do zag@ser vi dor.unam.mx).

The Balkan capitalism has been classified as: Coordinated, Liberal, Mediterranean and as a version of the region itself. Nevertheless, such classifications do not consider the hierarchical economy levels of the region, which for developing countries is a very important feature. Schneider classified the Latin American economies as hierarchical and points out such classification could be applied to middle-income economies of other regions of the world. The aim of the paper is to show that Balkan economies can be considered as hierarchical. To do that, we estimate a Hierarchical Economy index to both regions (Balkans and Latin America). Besides, we test the relationship between inequality and the hierarchical levels (suggested by Schneider). Results show Balkan economies can be classified as hierarchical, because their hierarchical economy indexes are similar to those presented by Latin American economies and there is a negative relationship between inequality and the hierarchical levels among middle-income countries.

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Objetive: The objective of this paper is to analyze the equity on the financing and access to medication in Mexico, in a context of growth in the market of t generic drugs. It also shows the level of prices and costs of diabetes treatment. Materials and Methods:This study is based on the national survey about the income and expense of households from 1998 and 2010. The Heckman model was used. This type of model has two stages: the first estimates the probability that the household make an expense on medications, while the second stage uses an Engel Curve model to explain the budgetary allocation of drug spending. Results:The poorest households without social security have an expense in medication relatively higher than the rest of the population. The cost of diabetes treatment with drugs without patent is too high. According to the results if the drug spending of a household income increases by 100% it is reduced by 11.79% in 1998, while in 2010 it drops in 11.59%. The estimation of this demand equation according to the theory of the consumer indicates that the introduction of generic drugs has brought a wealth effect since 2010 households consume more medication, just as predicted. Conclusion:The benefits of access to medicines may not be available on an equitable way. The poor households may not have the opportunity to achieve good health when it is affected by a disease which requires expensive medications or has a lifetime treatment and a great part of the household income is destined to it which makes them become poorer; this has a negative impact on social justice.

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