PurposeTo investigate the healing pattern of the mucous membrane after tooth extraction necessitated by periodontal disease in the maxillary sinus.MethodsOne hundred and three patients with 119 maxillary sinuses were investigated. Before implant placement, cone-beam computed tomography (CT) scanning was performed. The causes of extraction, the time elapsed since extraction, smoking, periodontal disease in adjacent teeth, and gender were recorded. In addition, the thickness of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus and the height of residual alveolar bone at the extracted area were calculated from CT images.ResultsThe thickness of the mucous membrane in the periodontal disease group (3.05±2.71 mm) was greater than that of the pulp disease group (1.92±1.78 mm) and the tooth fracture group (1.35±0.55 mm; P<0.05). The causes of extraction, the time elapsed since extraction, and gender had relationships with a thickening of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus (P<0.05). In contrast, the height of the residual alveolar bone at the extracted area, periodontal disease in adjacent teeth, and smoking did not show any relation to the thickening of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus.ConclusionsThe present study revealed distinct differences in healing patterns according to the causes of extraction in the maxillary sinus, especially periodontal disease, which resulted in more severe thickening of the mucous membrane.

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The 70-kDa stress protein family (HSP70) plays important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including protein chaperoning, protection against apoptosis, steroidogenesis, and general cellular stress responses in vertebrate organisms, and has also been proposed as a biochemical marker of environmental stress, such as toxicant exposure. The objectives of this study were to determine HSP70 protein expression in head kidney, liver, gill, and ovarian tissues and to examine reproductive physiological responses in female fishes exposed chronically to sublethal metal concentrations. Female black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were collected from Tar Creek, Oklahoma (flowing through the Tri-State mining district) and from a nearby reference creek (Lytle Creek) during spring (prespawning; 26.5 +/- 0.95 degrees C water temperature) and winter (ovarian recrudescence; 4.8 +/- 0.80 degrees C water temperature). Aqueous (dissolved and suspended) concentrations of Cd and Zn and liver concentrations of Cd and Zn in both fish species were significantly greater at Tar Creek compared to Lytle Creek. HSP70 expression was consistently elevated in the head kidney of both fish species collected at Tar Creek in comparison to fish collected from the reference creek. In contrast, no consistent differences were observed in HSP70 expression in liver, gill, or ovarian tissues between sites. Significant seasonal differences were observed in expression of HSP70 in gill tissue of both species, in ovarian and liver tissue of bluegill sunfish and in head kidney of black bullhead. Serum testosterone concentration was significantly reduced in sunfish collected from Tar Creek during winter. Gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices were significantly lower in black bullhead collected from Tar Creek during spring, and condition factors were lower in black bullhead collected from Tar Creek during both spring and winter. There was no significant difference in the extent of ovarian follicular cell apoptosis in either species collected during spring. In conclusion, we observed significant tissue specific differences and seasonal variation in expression of HSP70, as well as alterations in circulating testosterone levels in female fish chronically exposed to metals.

Purpose Activated carbons (ACs) were applied to evaluate the effects of surface oxidation on bioavailability and bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in freshwater sediment along with Eisenia fetida biomass change. Materials and methods A modified sequential extraction procedure was conducted to measure the changes in bioavailable fractions of heavy metals 6 weeks after the addition of nitric acid-oxidized AC. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in E. fetida was analyzed after 2 weeks of exposure to AC-amended contaminated sediments. Changes in biomass of earthworms caused by AC amendments were observed over 2 weeks of exposure to clean sand. Results and discussion Surface oxidation of AC caused little impact on AC surface properties except for oxygen contents leading to enhanced sorption capacity for heavy metals. Bioavailable fractions of the heavy metals increased after 6 weeks, and less was bioavailable with various ACs than without AC. The earthworms were exposed to the sediments mixed with ACs for 6 weeks. After 2 weeks of exposure, bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu decreased drastically. More than 76 % of Cd and 80 % of Cu reductions were observed with each type and dose of AC. Weight loss of E. fetida incubated in clean sand for 13 days after AC amendments was observed, but was not affected by surface oxidation. Conclusions Inhibited growth of E. fetida due to AC could be responsible for the reduced bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu in the earthworms as AC inhibited the movement of earthworms, leading to less bioturbation and decreased consumption of nutrients.

&lt;p&gt;Globally, drought affects different types of regions and countries, making it one of the most devastating natural disasters in terms of impacts on agriculture and food security, ecosystems, human health, and water resources. As the importance of integrated drought management including disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation strategies, and national water policies is emphasized internationally, it is important to develop an effective water management technology for proactive drought response rather than reactive drought management to cope with drought disaster. In this study, we propose an approach to dynamic drought vulnerability assessment that can be used to secure elasticity for water demand and supply during drought event and further respond to a preemptive drought. Drought response and management based on this dynamic drought vulnerability assessment technology has consistency in that it promotes an internationally pursued convergence strategy for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. The dynamic drought vulnerability assessment is based on the water demand-supply linkage assessment in various types of droughts. In other words, this is a technology for improving the ability to respond to drought through flexible water supply in the actual drought events. Dynamic drought vulnerability assessment produces various types of drought vulnerability map considering various scenarios of drought occurrence and socio-economic pathways according to climate change. For example, when combining hydrological drought scenarios considering climate change (25 types), water demand scenarios according to social/economic/environmental changes (3 types), water supply scenarios of drought damage/sensitivity by region (4 types), storage ratio scenarios of dam and reservoir (12 types), at least 2100 scenarios are produced as database. In the future, these results can be used as a basis for scientific decision-making in preparing countermeasures to improve resilience to drought.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgement:&lt;/strong&gt; This work was supported by the Korea Environment Industry &amp; Technology Institute (KEITI) through Water Management Innovation Program for Drought (No. 2022003610001) funded by Korea Ministry of Environment.&lt;/p&gt;