Background and Aims Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome characterized by overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and hemophagocytosis. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common complication of HLH in the kidney, which is a strong predictor of poor prognosis. In this retrospective study, we aimed to find the risk factors of AKI in patients with HLH. Method We screened all adult patients with HLH admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University from January 2009 to June 2019. Patients in this study were secondary HLH according to the HLH diagnostic criteria revised by the Histocyte Society in 2004. Patients with HLH were excluded from the study if they had a functioning kidney transplant, received renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the past month, suffered from end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or had the renal malignant tumor. We collected basic information, clinical manifestations, and laboratory data of patients from electronic medical records. Results A total of 600 patients with confirmed diagnosis of secondary HLH are included in our analysis. There are 199(33.2%)HLH-induced AKI patients, among whom 37.2%, 32.7%, and 30.2% are classified as AKI I, II, and III, respectively, according to the 2012 KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guideline. Overall hospital mortality is 176(29.3%), and the number of deaths in patients with AKI was much higher than that in patients without AKI (53.3% versus 17.5%, P < 0.001). The risk factors of AKI in patients with HLH were hyperphosphatemia (P<0.001, OR 5.448, 95%CI 2.951-10.059) , vasopressor(P<0.001, OR 3.485, 95%CI 2.114-5.746), heart failure (P=0.044, 0R 2.336, 95%CI 1.022-5.340), gastrointestinal symptoms (P=0.043, OR 1.877, 95%CI 1.021-3.453), increased heart rate (P=0.005, OR 1.017, 95%CI 1.005-1.029), elevated total bilirubin level(P<0.001, OR 1.004, 95%CI 1.002-1.007), and hypoproteinemia (P=0.034, OR 0.939, 95%CI 0.886-0.995). Conclusion The incidence of AKI was higher in patients with HLH, and the risk of death was significantly higher in HLH patients with AKI. A variety of risk factors are related to the occurrence of HLH-induced AKI. Identifying and correcting them early in clinical diagnosis and treatment may reduce the incidence of AKI in patients with HLH and improve the prognosis of them.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening complication of rhabdomyolysis (RM). The aim of the present study was to assess patients at high risk for the occurrence of AKI defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria and in-hospital mortality. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients with creatine kinase levels >1000 U/L, who were admitted to the West China Hospital of Sichuan University between January 2011 and March 2019. The sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data of these patients were obtained from an electronic medical records database, and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were subsequently conducted. Results: For the 329 patients included in our study, the incidence of AKI was 61.4%, and the overall mortality rate was 19.8%; furthermore, patients with AKI tended to have higher mortality rates than those without AKI (24.8% vs. 11.8%; P<0.01). The clinical conditions most frequently associated with RM were trauma (28.3%), sepsis (14.6%), bee sting (12.8%), thoracic and abdominal surgery (11.2%) and exercise (7.0%). Furthermore, patients with RM resulting from sepsis, bee sting and acute alcoholism were more susceptible to AKI. The risk factors for the occurrence of AKI among RM patients included age ≥60 years (OR=3.070), chronic alcoholism (OR=3.256), hypertension (OR=4.252), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS; OR=7.244), high levels of white blood cell count (OR=1.047) and elevated serum phosphorus (OR=5.526). Age ≥60 years (OR=3.188), MODS (OR=2.262), diabetes (OR=2.746) and elevated prothrombin time (OR=1.079) were independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in RM patients with AKI. Conclusions: AKI is independently associated with mortality in patients with RM, and several risk factors were found to be associated with the occurrence of AKI and in-hospital mortality. These findings suggest that, to improve the quality of medical care, the early prevention of AKI should focus on high-risk patients and more effective management.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening complication of rhabdomyolysis (RM). The aim of the present study was to assess patients at high risk for the occurrence of AKI defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria and in-hospital mortality. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients with creatine kinase levels >1000 U/L, who were admitted to the West China Hospital of Sichuan University between January 2011 and March 2019. The sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data of these patients were obtained from an electronic medical records database, and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were subsequently conducted. Results For the 329 patients included in our study, the incidence of AKI was 61.4%, and the overall mortality rate was 19.8%; furthermore, patients with AKI tended to have higher mortality rates than those without AKI (24.8% vs. 11.8%; P<0.01). The clinical conditions most frequently associated with RM were trauma (28.3%), sepsis (14.6%), bee sting (12.8%), thoracic and abdominal surgery (11.2%) and exercise (7.0%). Furthermore, patients with RM resulting from sepsis, bee sting and acute alcoholism were more susceptible to AKI. The risk factors for the occurrence of AKI among RM patients included age ≥60 years (OR=3.070), chronic alcoholism (OR=3.256), hypertension (OR=4.252), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS; OR=7.244), high levels of white blood cell count (OR=1.047) and elevated serum phosphorus (OR=5.526). Age ≥60 years (OR=3.188), MODS (OR=2.262), diabetes (OR=2.746) and elevated prothrombin time (OR=1.079) were independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in RM patients with AKI. Conclusions AKI is independently associated with mortality in patients with RM, and several risk factors were found to be associated with the occurrence of AKI and in-hospital mortality. These findings suggest that, to improve the quality of medical care, the early prevention of AKI should focus on high-risk patients and more effective management.