Summary Programmed cell death (PCD) induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in various plant physiological processes, yet its mechanism is still elusive. An activation of caspase‐3‐like enzymatic activity was clearly demonstrated but the role of the two known plant proteases with caspase‐3‐like activity, cathepsin B and proteasome subunit PBA1, remains to be established.Both genetic downregulation and chemical inhibition were used to investigate the function of cathepsin B and PBA1 in ER‐stress‐induced PCD (ERSID). Transcript level and activity labelling of cathepsin B were used to assess activation. To study tonoplast rupture, a plant PCD feature, both confocal and electronic microscopies were used.Cathepsin B downregulation reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and ERSID without affecting the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR), but downregulation of PBA1 increased UPR and ERSID. Tonoplast rupture was not altered in the cathepsin B mutant and cathepsin B activation was independent of vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE). VPE activity was independent of cathepsin B. ERSID is regulated positively by cathepsin B and negatively by PBA1, revealing a complex picture behind caspase‐3‐like activity in plants. Cathepsin B may execute its function after tonoplast rupture and works in parallel with VPE.

Plant cells, like cells from other kingdoms, have the ability to self-destruct in a genetically controlled manner. This process is defined as Programmed cell death (PCD). PCD can be triggered by various stimuli in plants including by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Research in the past two decades discovered that disruption of protein homeostasis in the ER could cause ER stress, which when prolonged/unresolved leads cells into PCD. ER stress-induced PCD is part of several plant processes, for instance, drought and heat stress have been found to elicit ER stress-induced PCD. Despite the importance of ER stress-induced PCD in plants, its regulation remains largely unknown, when compared with its counterpart in animal cells. In mammalian cells, several pro-apoptotic proteases called caspases were found to play a crucial role in ER stress-induced PCD. Over the past decade, several key proteases with caspase-like enzymatic activity have been discovered in plants and implicated in PCD regulation. This review covers what is known about caspase-like enzymatic activities during plant ER stress-induced PCD and discusses possible regulation pathways leading to the activation of relevant proteases in plants.

-The paper investigates the uncertainties involved in the assessment of annual harmonic performance of a distribution network with distributed generation and non-liner loads. Considering a random variable locations and injections of harmonic sources, both generation and load, a probabilistic assessment of harmonic propagation through the network is performed. The influence of variable and diverse distributed generation in particular is clearly documented.

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To resolve the problems of electric power wireless communication and to serve the smart grid; better, LTE broadband trunking communication network of l.8G is set up. The research of the text network mainly involves electric power communication, product development, an d product test of electric power wireless communication. The paper analyzed the services of video, voice and data, proposed a networking architecture of wireless multi.,service and launched a complete solution ofLTE power wireless private network. The new scheme improved the reliability of the service. Therefore, the establishment of the LTE network provides a technical support for the construction and operation management of electric power communication access network. It also la)S the foundations for popularization and application of LTE power wireless private network.I. INT RODUCTIONIn recent years, the maturity of 4G broadband wireless communication technology provides reliable guarantee for the construction of power wireless private network. However, due to the special requirement for security and real time in the field of electric power system [1 l, there is a need for the optimization and secondary development of 4G Long Term Evolution (L TE) wireless network technology to adapt to the characteristics of power business.On the other hand, as L TE wireless broadband technology exist insufficiency and problem[2l, there is a need to ponder the summary and find a solution to satisfy the multi-services bearing demand in the electric power communication system. L TE wireless broadband technology will completely change the construction mode and network mode of access network P l, and solve the problem of Low frequency utilization[4l.In view of the problems of electric power wireless communication and to serve the smart grids better, L TE broadband trunking communication network of 1.8G frequency is set up in Nanjing city. The research of the network deals with TD-L TE technology in the field of power system, including power communication product development and performance test. This paper mainly introduces the network size, the characteristic of networking method, bearer service and application of LTE broadband trunking communication network, meanwhile, a multi-services bearing solution for LTE power wireless system is proposed. 978-1-4673-9088-0/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE 498