No abstract

Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are widely cultivated in China, with its export value increasing up to $335 million in 2011 (Wang, Chen, Yang, & Wang, 2015). A. bisporus is one of the most economically important edible species due to its nutritional value. Mushrooms are a good source of protein and minerals, have low carbohydrate and fat contents, and contain several bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, antioxidants, dietary fiber, and water-soluble and water-insoluble vitamins (

Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam is a mangrove plant that spread in many parts of the world. Though mangrove plant polyphenols have been reported to exhibit many biological activities, little is known about mangrove plant tannins. To explore the application value of tannins from B. gymnorhiza, analyses on the structure and biological activity of condensed tannins (CTs) from Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam were carried out. The results from 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) showed that the CTs were dominated by procyanidins, with a small quantity of prodelphinidins and propelargonidins; and that the monomeric constituents of B. gymnorhiza tannins were catechin/epicatechin, gallocatechin/epigallocatechin and afzelechin/epiafzelechin. The CTs were reversible and mixed competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase and the 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) was estimated to be 123.90 ± 0.140 μg/mL. The antioxidant activities of CTs from B. gymnorhiza leaves were evaluated, the IC50 for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt) (ABTS) scavenging activities were 88.81 ± 0.135 and 105.03 ± 0.130 μg/mL, respectively, and the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value was 1052.27 ± 4.17 mgAAE/g. In addition, the results from fresh-keeping assays on fresh-cut lotus root reveal that CTs from B. gymnorhiza had excellent effects on inhibiting the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), protecting fresh-cut lotus root from the oxidation of total phenolics and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and slowing the increase in total phenol content (TPC) at 4 °C during the whole storage period. Therefore, CTs showed good effects against the browning of fresh-cut lotus root. Together, these results suggested that B. gymnorhiza CTs are promising antibrowning agents for fresh-cut fruits.

No abstract

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) refers to the abnormal condition in which patients uncontrollably consume a large quantity of food for a persisting period. There are severe physical and mental health problems brought about by binging. This review is written with the purpose of analyzing the effects and mechanisms of negative emotions on BED. In addition, intervention approaches for BED are discussed. Negative moods are found to precede often binging behavior, and almost all non-purging patients of BED display feelings of guilt after binge eating episodes. From a biological point of view, cortisol and the HPA-Axis are suspected to be closely related to binge eating in response to stress. In addition, shame specifically is found to be positively correlated with binge eating, and binge-induced shame could trigger even more external shame, which forms the vicious cycle of BED. Several existing treatments for BED are reported to be effective to different extents, including either therapist-led or self-guided cognitive Behavior Treatment, Interpersonal Therapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy.