The mole fraction solubility data of l-proline in five monosolvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile) and four binary solvent systems (methanol + acetone, ethanol + acetone, methanol + acetonitrile, and ethanol + acetonitrile) were experimentally measured by gravimetric method at temperatures ranging from 283.15 to 323.15 K. The results showed that l-proline solubility and experimental temperature were positively correlated when the solvent composition was constant. On the basis of the solubility scatter diagrams and our investigation of solvent properties, the solubility behavior of l-proline in the pure and binary solvent systems was influenced by a combination of many factors. The solubility data were correlated by the modified Apelblat model, CNIBS/R-K model, and Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree model. The fitting results were generally acceptable.

The solubility of moroxydine hydrochloride was determined by the gravimetrical method (temperature from 283.15 to 323.15 K, pressure at 101.325 kPa) in 12 pure solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1propanol, 2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-butanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and acetone) and a binary system (water + 2-propanol). The results of this experiment suggested that the solubility data of moroxydine hydrochloride increased with increasing mole fraction of water and experimental temperature in all investigated neat and mixed solvent systems. The moroxydine hydrochloride solubility order in the 12 neat solvents was shown as water > methanol > ethanol > 1-propanol > 1-butanol > 2-methyl-1propanol > 2-propanol > 1-pentanol > 2-butanol > acetonitrile ≈ ethyl acetate ≈ acetone. For polar protic solvents except for 1-pentanol, the main factor influencing the solubility behavior was the polarity. While it was affected by complicating factors in polar aprotic solvents. The fitting results of the moroxydine hydrochloride solubility data obtained by the modified Apelblat, Jouyban−Acree, and Apelblat−Jouyban−Acree models were all satisfactory.

Monosodium fumarate solubility in 12 monosolvents (water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, ethyl acetate, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and acetone) and four binary solvents (water + methanol, water + ethanol, water + 2-propanol, and water + acetone) was determined by the gravimetric method from 283.15 to 323.15 K. The solubility order in pure solvents was water > methanol > ethyl acetate > 1,4-dioxane > ethanol > 1-propanol > 1-butanol > acetonitrile > 1-pentanol > 2-propanol > acetone > 2-methyl-1-propanol. Also, it was positively related to experimental temperature and solvent composition for all solvent systems. According to the solubility results, the dissolution behavior of monosodium fumarate in pure solvents was mainly affected by the solvent properties including polarity, hydrogen bond acidity (α), hydrogen bond basicity (β), bipolar/polarizability (π*) and Hildebrand solubility parameter (δH). The modified Apelblat, Jouyban–Acree, and Apelblat–Jouyban–Acree models were used to correlate the solubility data, and the values calculated by the three thermodynamic models were found to agree well with the experimental data.

l-Cysteine solubility in 12 monosolvents (water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, ethyl acetate, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and acetone) and three binary solvents (water + methanol, water + ethanol, and water + isopropanol) was determined by the gravimetric method from 283.15 to 323.15 K under the atmospheric pressure. The solubility order in pure solvents was acetonitrile < isobutanol < ethyl acetate ≈ sec-butanol < n-butanol < 1,4-dioxane < isopropanol < n-propanol < ethanol < methanol < acetone < water, and it was positively related to the experimental temperature and solvent composition for all solvent systems. For polar protic solvents, the key factors influencing the solubility were the length of the carbon chain and the solvent properties. The effect of solvent–solvent and solvent–solute intermolecular interactions on the solubility behavior was analyzed by the KAT-LSER model. The modified Apelblat, Jouyban–Acree, and Apelblat–Jouyban–Acree models were used to correlate the solubility data, and the values calculated by the three thermodynamic models were found to agree well with the experimental data.

Abstract. The present study investigates the spectrum and incidence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in a Han population using a multi-gene panel with 46 LHON-associated mutations among 13 mitochondrial genes. A total of 23 mutations were observed in a cohort of 275 patients and 281 control subjects using multi-gene panel analysis IntroductionLeber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON; OMIM 535000) is a classic mitochondrial disease, associated with a rapid, painless, acute or sub-acute bilateral visual loss in young adults, predominantly caused by the primary and secondary mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It has been reported that 1:8,500 individuals harbor a primary LHON-causing mutation and 1:31,000 experience visual loss as a result of LHON in the North East of England (1). Few significant improvements in visual acuity are reported following atrophy of the optic discs. LHON typically affects males more frequently than females, with the incomplete and variable penetrance estimated at ~50% in males and 10% in females (2-4). Additionally, certain LHON cases have additional clinical symptoms, such as movement disorders, dystonia, and multiple-sclerosis-like illness, which complicate the diagnosis in the clinical setting (5-7). Although the majority ofcases of LHON transmitted by maternal inheritance have a history of visual loss in families, up to 40% of cases are sporadic (5).The genetic cause of LHON is mutations in the mitochondrial genome, which is a double-stranded 16,569-nucleotide pair, circular molecule, consisting of one D-Loop region and 37 genes. The three most causative mutations, m.11778G>A (M T-ND4), m.14484T>C (M T-ND6) and m.3460G>A (MT-ND1), have been reported to account for 90% of LHON patients in a Caucasian population, but for only 38.3 and 46.5% of cases in two large cohorts of Chinese Han subjects with LHON (7-10). Our previous studies have shown the spectrum of genes, MT-ND1, MT-ND4 and MT-ND6, and the frequency of the three primary mutations in a Chinese LHON population (8-10) using Sanger sequencing. In addition, secondary mutations that contributed to the high penetrance,