The development and application of transit accessibility measures by geographic information system technology are described. The approach allows transit planners to focus on access to transit routes and bus stops at the neighborhood level and draws attention to the significance of the walk access mode to transit. Then land use, population, and employment characteristics are incorporated into the evaluation of transit service. A case study example of a "what-if" scenario for evaluation of transit service alternatives is discussed. Conclusions are offered about the use and further development of the approach for transit planners.

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Objective:To evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste on shear bond strength and debonding failure modes of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted premolars were randomly divided into four groups (n ϭ18) as follows: in groups 1 and 3, the enamel was treated with a solution of CPP-ACP dissolved in artificial saliva; groups 2 and 4 served as controls, and the enamel was treated with artificial saliva. After conventional acid etching, in groups 1 and 2, brackets were bonded using a light-cured bonding system (Blugloo); while in groups 3 and 4, brackets were bonded using a conventional bonding system (Unite Bonding Adhesive). Bonded specimens were subjected to thermal cycling for 1000 cycles before debonding procedures. After debonding, teeth and brackets were examined under a stereomicroscope at 10ϫ magnification to determine whether any adhesive remained, in accordance with the adhesive remnant index. The acid-etched enamel surfaces were also observed using scanning electron microscopy after treatment with and without CPP-ACP paste. Results:The shear bond strengths of group 1 were significantly higher than those seen in group 2 (P Ͻ .01). There was no significant difference in the shear bond strengths of groups 3 and 4 (P Ͼ .05). Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that the pretreated enamel surface was rougher than that of the control surface after acid etching. Conclusion:The use of CPP-ACP can be considered as an alternative prophylactic application in orthodontic practice since it did not compromise bracket bond strength. (Angle Orthod. 2009; 79:945-950.)