We report a topology-guided, precise insertion of three distinct secondary linkers into a zirconium-based metal-organic framework, NPF-300. Constructed from a tetratopic linker L and Zr cluster, NPP-300 exhibits a unique scu topology and certain flexibility along the crystallographic a axis, and in conjunction with the conformation change of the primary ligand, is able to accommodate the stepwise insertion of three different secondary linkers along the a and c axes. Size-matching and mechanic strain of the resulting framework are two important factors that determine the chemical stability of the inserted linkers. Secondary linker insertion in NPF-300 significantly enables not only its porosity but also potentials to install up to three different functional groups for the construction of multivariate MOFs with homogeneity.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. Chemotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with CRC; however, only selected patients would benefit from this treatment. We aimed to identify predictors of response to chemotherapy in CRC using circulating microRNAs (miRNAs). We studied differential miRNA expression by miRNA array from serum of 253 patients who had chemotherapy treatment. We screened the differentially expressed serum miRNAs with TaqMan low-density arrays using pooled CRC patient serum samples. Differential expression was validated using hydrolysis probe-based stem-loop quantitative reverse transcription PCR in individual samples. We performed additional unsupervised cluster to analyse the differential expression of serum miRNA between the chemosensitive and chemoresistant patients. A distinct miRNA expression signature in response to chemotherapy was identified. The TaqMan low-density array results demonstrated that 17 serum miRNAs could predict chemosensitivity and chemoresistance. The quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis further identified a profile of five serum miRNAs (miR-20a, miR-130, miR-145, miR-216 and miR-372) as a biomarker for predicting the chemosensitivity of CRC. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of this five-serum miRNA signature were 0.841 and 0.918 for the two sets of serum samples, respectively. We identified a group of miRNA predictors in response to chemosensitivity for CRC patients. This could lead to a significant improvement in chemotherapy regimen selection strategy and personalized CRC management.
The anaerobic bioreactor applies the principles of biotechnology and microbiology, and nowadays it has been used widely in the wastewater treatment plants due to their high efficiency, low energy use, and green energy generation. Advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic process were shown, and three main characteristics of anaerobic bioreactor (AB), namely, inhomogeneous system, time instability, and space instability were also discussed in this work. For high efficiency of wastewater treatment, the process parameters of anaerobic digestion, such as temperature, pH, Hydraulic retention time (HRT), Organic Loading Rate (OLR), and sludge retention time (SRT) were introduced to take into account the optimum conditions for living, growth, and multiplication of bacteria. The inner components, which can improve SRT, and even enhance mass transfer, were also explained and have been divided into transverse inner components, longitudinal inner components, and biofilm-packing material. At last, the newly developed special inner components were discussed and found more efficient and productive.
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