IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common glomerular diseases leading to end-stage renal failure. Elevation of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 is a key feature of it. The expression of the specific molecular chaperone of core1ß1, 3galactosyl transferase (Cosmc) is known to be reduced in IgAN. We aimed to investigate whether the methylation of CpG islands of Cosmc gene promoter region could act as a possible mechanism responsible for down-regulation of Cosmc and related higher secretion of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1in lymphocytes from children with IgA nephropathy. Three groups were included: IgAN children (n = 26), other renal diseases (n = 11) and healthy children (n = 13). B-lymphocytes were isolated and cultured, treated or not with IL-4 or 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (AZA). The levels of DNA methylation of Cosmc promotor region were not significantly different between the lymphocytes of the three children populations (P = 0.113), but there were significant differences between IgAN lymphocytes and lymphocytes of the other two children populations after IL-4 (P<0.0001) or AZA (P<0.0001). Cosmc mRNA expression was low in IgAN lymphocytes compared to the other two groups (P<0.0001). The level of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 was markedly higher in IgAN group compared to the other groups (P<0.0001). After treatment with IL-4, the levels of Cosmc DNA methylation and aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 in IgAN lymphocytes were remarkably higher than the other two groups (P<0.0001) with more markedly decreased Cosmc mRNA content (P<0.0001). After treatment with AZA, the levels in IgAN lymphocytes were decreased, but was still remarkably higher than the other two groups (P<0.0001), while Cosmc mRNA content in IgAN lymphocytes were more markedly increased than the other two groups (P<0.0001). The alteration of DNA methylation by IL-4 or AZA specifically correlates in IgAN lymphocytes with alterations in Cosmc mRNA expression and with the level of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 (r = −0.948, r = 0. 707). Our results suggested that hypermethylation of Cosmc promoter region could be a key mechanism for the reduction of Cosmc mRNA expression in IgAN lymphocytes with associated increase in aberrantly glycosylated IgA1.

This contribution describes the total synthesis of a complex macrocyclic integrase inhibitor, a key enzyme involved in the infection process of various immunodeficiency viruses. The key transformation of the synthetic strategy was the selective C–N coupling of a sulfonamide to a heteroaryl bromide in the presence of potentially competing amide and carbamate functionalities. The transformation was accomplished with CuI catalysis using bypiridine as the ligand in the presence of base and enabled a convergent approach to the target molecule.

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The big data has become a key component for intelligent systems and it is very important about data mining and cognitive reasoning in the field of criminal data analysis. Modeling of investigation knowledge is very important to realize the semantic retrieval, knowledge discovery, information push and classification for case data. Ontology modeling combined with the characteristics of the case in the investigation process, a method of ontology construction based on investigation knowledge is proposed in this paper. It builds an organization system of the investigation process at the first, which is described in stages by collecting terminology. Then the ontology of investigation knowledge is constructed. In addition, an instance is added for verification to describe the investigation process in detail. The method has a good advantage of describing the detection process quickly and integrate knowledge according to different investigation stages, formulating a standardized organization mode and providing standardized knowledge assistance in the investigation process.