The Pandemic situation caused due to SARS-CoV-2 causing Coronavirus Disease (CoVID-19) around globe. Recent, COVID-19 main protease complex (M pro), highly modulating enzyme in SARS-CoV-2 was reported for viral replication and transcription. This multifunctionality of M pro attracts for identi cation of potential drug target. Considering impact, In silico analysis was performed for Palmatine alkaloid against M pro. Naturally, present in Tinospora cordifolia, found effective against Cancer, HIV, viral infections, diabetics. In methods, physico-chemical analysis by ProtParam tool and Structure of M pro was predicted by SWISS-MODEL Workspace homology modeling server. Superimposition Structure and signi cant equal QMQE, QSQE values were found for eight highly similar templates. Structural assessment validation by Ramachandran plot (97.67% favoured), Local Quality estimate ratio (>0.6) and higher QMEAN score (y-axis). Further, docking was performed with validated M pro model by SwissDock server. Interaction with-8.281919 ΔG indicates reliable Interaction. Also, comparative docking reveals, most favoured Palmatine interaction. Thus, an attempt was made to nd potent inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2, as there is no promising and speci c anti-viral drug or vaccine available for prevention and treatment of infections. However, In Vitro studies are required. Toxicity studies reported against Palmatine for acute effect (135 mg/kg body weight) on mouse model LD 50.

The germline mutation rate determines the pace of genome evolution and is an evolving parameter itself1. However, little is known about what determines its evolution, as most studies of mutation rates have focused on single species with different methodologies2. Here we quantify germline mutation rates across vertebrates by sequencing and comparing the high-coverage genomes of 151 parent–offspring trios from 68 species of mammals, fishes, birds and reptiles. We show that the per-generation mutation rate varies among species by a factor of 40, with mutation rates being higher for males than for females in mammals and birds, but not in reptiles and fishes. The generation time, age at maturity and species-level fecundity are the key life-history traits affecting this variation among species. Furthermore, species with higher long-term effective population sizes tend to have lower mutation rates per generation, providing support for the drift barrier hypothesis3. The exceptionally high yearly mutation rates of domesticated animals, which have been continually selected on fecundity traits including shorter generation times, further support the importance of generation time in the evolution of mutation rates. Overall, our comparative analysis of pedigree-based mutation rates provides ecological insights on the mutation rate evolution in vertebrates.

In nature, the formation of spider silk fibers begins with dimerizing the pH‐sensitive N‐terminal domains of silk proteins (spidroins) upon lowering pH, and provides a natural masterpiece for programmable assembly. Inspired by the similarity of pH‐dependent dimerization behaviors, introduced here is an i‐motif‐guided model to mimic the initial step of spidroin assembly at the subcellular level. A framework nucleic acid (FNA) nanoplatform is designed using two tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) with different branched vertexes carrying a bimolecular i‐motif and a split ATP aptamer. Once TDNs enter acidic lysosomes within living cells, they assemble into a heterodimeric architecture, thereby enabling the formation of a larger‐size framework and meanwhile subcellular imaging in response to endogenous ATP, which can be dynamically manipulated by adjusting intracellular pH and ATP levels with external drug stimuli.

In the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, sex can benefit its pathogenicity through production of meiospores, which are believed to offer both physical and meiosis-created lineage advantages for its infections. Cryptococcus sporulation occurs following two parallel events, meiosis and differentiation of the basidium, the characteristic sexual structure of the basidiomycetes. However, the circuit integrating these events to ensure subsequent sporulation is unclear. Here, we show the spatiotemporal coordination of meiosis and basidial maturation by visualizing event-specific molecules in developing basidia defined by a quantitative approach. Monitoring of gene induction timing together with genetic analysis reveals co-regulation of the coordinated events by a shared regulatory program. Two RRM family regulators, Csa1 and Csa2, are crucial components that bridge meiosis and basidial maturation, further determining sporulation. We propose that the regulatory coordination of meiosis and basidial development serves as a determinant underlying the production of infectious meiospores in C. neoformans.