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Assembled T-shaped aluminum alloy components represent a new type of structural member in aluminum alloy structures with broad application prospects. In this study, axial compression tests were carried out on 32 aluminum alloy components, considering parameters such as the cross-sectional type and slenderness ratio of the components, to obtain the ultimate bearing capacity and failure mode of the members. The test results show that, for the equilateral assembled T-shaped aluminum alloy components with obvious strong and weak axes, bending instability was most common, and local buckling of the plate occurred when the slenderness ratio of the component was relatively small. For the unequal T-shaped aluminum alloy structures without an obvious strong or weak axis, torsional buckling instability occurred, accompanied by local deformation of the connecting limbs due to mutual compression. A verified finite element model was also established. Based on this model, a parametric analysis was conducted to study the influence of parameters such as initial defects, slenderness ratio, and cross-sectional type on the axial compressive bearing capacity of the assembled T-shaped aluminum alloy components. The experimental and numerical results were then compared with Chinese and European standards, revealing that the standard calculation methods tend to be unsafe. Finally, the calculation parameters for component defects in Chinese and European standards were revised.