therapy (PDT) is an efficient noninvasive treatment modality that has attracted tremendous attention recently. By locally exposing photosensitizers to an appropriate wavelength laser, PDT can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are irreversibly deleterious against tumor growth. Moreover, different from conventional chemotherapy, PDT rarely causes cancer cell resistance. [3,4] Nevertheless, PDT is the oxygen (O 2 )-dependent treatment that requires O 2 consumption to produce ROS. [5,6] Primary tumors with metastatic potential are typically advanced tumors where high levels of hypoxic stress exist. It has been well-documented that hypoxia in tumor microenvironment not only accelerates tumor invasion and migration, but also severely limits the efficacy of PDT. [7,8] Thus, a paramount point of applying PDT to metastatic tumor is to alleviate tumor hypoxia.
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