Climate change and urbanization are two phenomena that are now playing an important role in the development of infrastructure. Urban drainage systems are increasingly overburdened during extreme precipitation events, and are stretched to their limits by increasing populations. The present research seeks to contribute to the ongoing dilemma of quantification of the impact of both phenomena on urban pluvial flooding. The research has adopted both a quantitative approach and a qualitative approach, in which different software, such as RClimdex, a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and PCSWMM are used. The Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) curve for the current and future climate is developed based on the Gumbel distribution. The research explores the relationship between the increasing urban runoff and flooding due to increased imperviousness and extreme rainfall events due to climate change in the study area. The findings of the research show that future climate change conditions with present urbanization will increase pluvial flooding. There will be a 40 percentage increase in the flooding amount considering the current and future climate for a 25 year return period. Furthermore, the urban drainage management infrastructure designed based on current climate conditions will not be able to cope under future climate conditions.

Pandemics have been occurring in the world since time immemorial. It is difficult in the case of the ancient pandemics but pandemics of later origin have conveyed some messages or the other. These are valuable lessons which should be accepted wholeheartedly for facing more competently in the following pandemics. This article deals with the pandemics that have hit the world since early times. It also portrays the situation that was prevailing in Nepal during the time of the pandemic. It has been found that Nepal did not have connectivity with the pandemics in the past. It is only in the Corona pandemic that Nepal has also been a part of the whole globe. Nepali people considered the diseases were thrown upon people by God because of the grave mistakes committed by them due to lust and greed. So, people worshipped God instead of making a scientific inquiry in this field. Even though, Ayurvedic medicines based on local herbs and the likes were produced and used in the case of the pandemics.

In NNepal, annually due to uncontrolled forest fi res, lots of valuable forests and biotic and abiotic resources are being destroyed. There is no effective and actionable forest fi re hazard zoning map available in Nepal so far. The objectives of this research is to develop a methodology (equation) using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and incorporating the selected major parameters (chosen from a review of the literature) for forest fi re hazard mapping in Nepal. The various parameters have roles in the forest fi re; among them due to thorough literature reviews it was found that the most important parameters for the forest fi re are land use/land cover types (forest types), proximity to roads (human interference), aspect, slope and elevation. These selected five parameters were obtained and reclassified in the scale of low to very high according to their potentiality for forest fi re hazard. After that the use of well-known decision making process named, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used and the pairwise comparison between these five parameters was done along with the assignation of values from 1 to 9 from the fundamental scale of AHP. The use of AHP provided the possible weightage for each of the five parameters and one equation for fire hazard mapping was developed using those coefficients. The equation so developed was used to make the forest fi re hazard map for Nepal. The reliability of the model so developed was checked with the Active forest fi re data obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from the date November 2000 to December 2013. Secondly the historical data series from an online portal for disaster information, named "DesInventar" have been used. The comparison of the fi re hazard model equation so developed in the study showed correlation with the historical data of fi re events from above mentioned two sources. The use of AHP and Geographic Information System (GIS) in this study clearly illustrates that these two tools can be used for the forest fi re hazard mapping, and decision making process for forest fire hazard mapping in large scale with accuracy.

Residential satisfaction with post-disaster housing is crucial for the success and sustainability of a resettlement project. However, little attention has been given to this aspect in the permanent houses developed after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. To bridge this gap, the study examined factors affecting residential satisfaction among poor displaced households resettled in the Panipokhari Integrated Settlement of Nepal. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey, interviews, and field observation. Internal consistency and reliability were assessed using Cronbach's Alpha test, while satisfaction was measured by mean satisfaction scores. The relative importance index ranked the factors, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analyzed their relationship with overall residential satisfaction. The study identified several crucial fac-tors influencing residential satisfaction, including the design and layout of the house, space for modification, provision of a kitchen garden and cattle shed, thermal comfort, completeness of the house, provision of a hearth, and spaces for rituals and cultural events. These findings shed light on the resettlement decisions of affected populations and provide valuable insights for policymakers, implementers, and researchers aiming for successful and sustainable resettlement outcomes.