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Previous studies revealed that low calcium intake is related to high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. However, the relationship between serum calcium and blood pressure was unclear. The prevalence of hypertension is high in China. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the serum calcium level between hypertensive and normotensive groups and to investigate the correlation between serum calcium, blood pressure, and blood lipid parameters. A total of 1,135 adult subjects participated in this study and were divide into two study groups: a hypertensive group (n = 316) who had 140 mmHg or higher in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or 90 mmHg or higher in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and an age- and sex-matched normotensive group (n = 819, 120 mmHg or less SBP and 80 mmHg or less DBP). Our results indicate a significant trend for men (60 years old or older) in the direction of decreasing blood pressure with increasing serum calcium level, but no trend for women was indicated. In the normotensive group, a significant positive correlation was found between DBP and total cholesterol (P < 0.01) and triglyceride (P < 0.01), Likewise, triglyceride was positively correlated with SBP (P < 0.01). Overall, these data suggest that serum calcium may have an influence in the blood pressure of older male subjects with hypertension and in blood lipid profiles of normotensive subjects.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disturbance during pregnancy and leads to an altered metabolic profile of human breast milk (HBM). The association between HBM metabolites and neonatal growth in GDM pregnancies has not been thoroughly investigated. Aims: The primary aim was to quantify differences in the HBM metabolome between normal and GDM pregnancies. The secondary aim was to identify metabolites associated with neonatal growth during the first year postpartum. Methods: In the present study, mothers intending to exclusively breastfeed (BF) and their newborns (mothereinfant pairs) were recruited at delivery (n ¼ 129 normal pregnancies and n ¼ 98 GDM pregnancies). HBM samples (colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk) from mothers with normal pregnancies (n ¼ 50) and GDM pregnancies (n ¼ 50) were subjected to metabolomic profiling via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed the metabolomic fingerprints of GDM-associated mature HBM. Correlations between metabolites and neonatal body weight gain (BWG) were evaluated by Spearman correlation analysis. Results: In total, 620 metabolites were identified in each HBM sample; 253 compounds had the same variation patterns, whereas 38 compounds had significantly different pattern transitions between the GDM and normal groups. Moreover, 12, 49 and 28 metabolites exhibited significant differences in the 3 milk types between the 2 groups. Twenty-two metabolites were confirmed by ROC analysis as metabolomic fingerprints in the mature BM of GDM patients. Ten compounds were significantly negatively correlated with neonatal growth, and only 2 unsaturated lipids (eicosatrienoic acid (FA 20:3) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) (22:6)) were positively correlated with neonatal BWG. Conclusions: GDM is associated with alterations in the HBM metabolome. Only a small subset of compounds are associated with neonatal body weight (BW).