This study examines the effects of social capital as it affects men's mental health in the context of work–family balance. Multivariate analyses of data from National Family Research of Japan 2008 have revealed the following. First, the social capital that men receive from their spouses was found to have a direct effect on their distress. The effect of social capital from family other than a spouse does not have a direct effect on men's mental health. Second, only social capital from a spouse was observed to provide a buffering effect. This result implies that, in contemporary Japan, social capital derived from the spouse functions satisfactorily as a bulwark to mitigate the negative effects that the experience of role conflict between work and family has on men's mental health. Finally, the study examines the effect of social capital with reference to social support theory. Subsequent research might usefully focus on varieties of social capital other than those covered in the current study, which will leverage the unique potential of social capital by examining techniques and units of analysis.

e birth rate in Korea in the 1960s was higher than that of any other country in the world; however, it has dropped to being the lowest in the world in 2020. To overcome this serious situation, the South Korean government has promoted various birth encouragement policies, although the prospects and e ectiveness of these policies are questionable. Among the various factors that have led to the declining birthrate in South Korea, the most signi cant is the economic factor, especially the IMF economic crisis of the late 1990s. Many studies have concluded that the problem of excessive expenses pertaining to private education in uences a couple s willingness to have children. However, excessive private education expenditure is complicated by multiple factors such as continuing education fever, educational policies that a ect educational competition, such as high school ranking, and a remarkable wage gap in the labor market. erefore, from the perspective of education it is important to reduce the burden on private education by dropping the ranking system, which has the e ect of placing schools in a hierarchy.

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