The present study examined three fundamental components contributing to life satisfaction among Chinese college students − who you are, how you conceive of yourself, and how you understand the world in which you function. To account for life satisfaction beyond self‐esteem, we used two comprehensive measures of personality and social beliefs that have recently established their cross‐cultural applicability: the Cross‐Cultural Personality Assessment Inventory and the Social Axioms Survey. It was found that the personality variables tapping interpersonal relationship and social axioms tapping perceptions of social contexts were significantly related to life satisfaction over and above its relationship to self‐esteem. These and other constructs were discussed as emic and possibly pancultural contributors to subjective well‐being.

The present study examined the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression proposed by King and Emmons (1990) in the Chinese context, and identified a factor structure different from those proposed in previous Western studies. The results of this study provided discriminant validity for this newly extracted two‐factor structure of ambivalence, viz., Emotional Rumination and Emotional Suppression. Emotional Rumination was significantly predicted by the personality scales of introversion and inferiority, and the belief dimension of fate control, whereas Emotional Suppression was predicted by the personality scales of diversity, face, and harmony, and the belief dimension of social complexity. The different effects of Emotional Rumination and Emotional Suppression in predicting life satisfaction showed that emotional experience has its own specific characteristics in Chinese culture, and that responding to its emic characteristics will yield a more culturally responsive understanding of emotional experience and expression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

to prediction of life satisfaction. When the effects of individual and collective self-esteems on life satisfaction have been demonstrated, a further question in life satisfaction research is that whether the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction is subject to the in uence of boundary conditions. The present investigation focused on moderating effects of gender and age on the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction in Chinese people. Participants were 1347 Mainland Chinese (aged from 14 to 88 years, 52.3% female) from three generations. They nished the General Life Satisfaction Scale (Leung & Leung, 1992), Life Domain Satisfaction Scale (revised from Michalos, 1985), Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Collective Self-Esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992). Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the relationship between collective selfesteem and general life satisfaction was stronger for the male participants than for the female participants. The effect of individual self-esteem on life domain satisfaction was stronger in the male group than in the female group. The effect of individual self-esteem on life domain satisfaction was stronger in the older people than in the younger people. However the effect of collective self-esteem on life domain satisfaction was stronger in the younger people than in the older people. These results might re ect life task differences and social expectation differences between male and female, younger and older people. Additional research is needed with other types of samples, especially with samples from some individualist cultures to see whether the results could generalize to these cultures.Des études préalables ont indiqué que non seulement l'auto estime individuelle (p.ex., Diener & Diener, 1995;Neto, 1993) contribuait à prédire la satisfaction dans la vie, mais aussi l'auto estime collective (p.ex., Crocker, Luhtanen, Blaine, & Broadnax, 1994;Zhang & Leung, 1999). Une fois les effets de l'auto estime individuelle et collective sur la satisfaction vitale démontrés, la nouvelle question qui surgit dans la recherche de la satisfaction vitale est si la relation entre l'auto estime et la satisfaction dans la vie est sujette à l'in uence de conditions limitatives. La présente étude est centrée sur les effets modérateurs du sexe et de l'âge sur la relation entre l'auto estime et la satisfaction dans la vie chez des chinois. Les participants étaient 1347 chinois continentaux (âgés de 14 à 88 ans, 52.3% des femmes) de trois générations différentes qui ont répondu à la General Life Satisfaction Scale (Leung & Leung, 1992), à la Life Domain Satisfaction Scale (révisée par Michalos, 1985), la Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) et la Collective Self-esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992). L'analyse de la régression hiérarchique a indiqué que la relation entre l'auto estime collective et la satisfaction dans la vie générale était plus forte pour les participants hommes que pour les femmes. L'effet de l'auto estime individuelle dans le domaine ...

Five pigeons were trained under concurrent-chain schedules in which a pair of independent, concurrent variable-interval 60-s schedules were presented in the initial link and either both variable-interval or both fixed-interval schedules were presented in the terminal link. Except for the baseline, one of the terminal-link schedules was always a twocomponent chained schedule and the other was either a simple or a tandem schedule of equal mean interreinforcement interval. The values of the fixed-interval schedules were either 15 s or 60 s; that of the variable-interval schedules was always 60 s. A 1.5-s changeover delay operated during the initial link in some conditions. The pigeons preferred a simple or a tandem schedule to a chain. For the fixed-interval schedules, this preference was greater when the fixed interval was 60 s than when it was 15 s. For the variable-interval schedules, the preferences were less pronounced and occurred only when the changeover delay was in effect. For a given type of schedule and interreinforcement interval, similar preferences were obtained whether the nonchained schedule was a tandem or simple schedule. The changeover delay generally inflated preference and lowered the changeover rate, especially when the terminal-link schedules were either short (15 s) or aperiodic (variable-interval). The results were consistent with the notion that segmenting the interreinforcement interval of a schedule into a chain lowers the preference for it.Key words: preference, segmentation, concurrent chains, interreinforcement interval, changeover delay, chained interval schedule, simple interval schedule, key peck, pigeonsThe concurrent-chain procedure (Autor, 1960(Autor, , 1969) is widely used for studying the effects of various schedule parameters on choice. In a typical experiment, pigeons are presented concurrently with two variable-interval (VI) 60-s schedules, each correlated with an illuminated key. This constitutes the initial link. Meeting the schedule requirement on either key produces a stimulus change on that key while the other key becomes dark and inoperative. The subject is now in the terminal link. Completing a terminal-link schedule requirement produces food and then reinstatement of the initial link. The relative allocation of responses on the two keys during the initial link is used as a measure of preference between the two mutually exclusive terminal-link schedules.