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Based on the Peircean semiotic theory, this study aims to explore the semiotic construction of a festival tourist attraction using the Guangfu Temple Fair in China as a case. A qualitative research method of grounded theory was used to analyze the organizers’ planning scheme, conference materials, 7 interviews, and 45 tourists’ interviews. We found that festival organizers produce festivalscape based on social values and tourists’ expectations, including safety assurance, cultural activity, personnel service, facilities, creative interaction, food, a trade show, and the festival atmosphere. Tourists in the festivalscape, through cultural, novel, social, and emotional experience and collateral observations, assign meaning to the festival’s attractiveness in terms of cultural diversity, vibrant activities, distinctive features, and a sense of ceremony. These findings indicate that organizers’ sign production and tourists’ sign interpretation constitute the conceptual model of the semiotic construction of festivals as tourist attractions. Furthermore, the study extends the understanding of tourist attractions and will help organizers to create successful festival attractions.

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The purpose of this paper is to select 35 emerging economies from Asian, European, Latin American and African regions as the research objects and use GDP and population data of the years from 1990-2016 to calculate the intragroup Theil indexes within the four individual regions, the interblock Theil index among the four regions, the total Theil index among the emerging economies, then the contribution of intragroup and interblock gap to the total gap in order to measure the economic growth differentiation of the emerging economies. The results indicate that the decreasing total Theil index and the interblock Theil indexes reflect the narrowing trend of output per capita among the emerging economies and among the four regions, the intragroup Theil indexes within the four individual regions that are all lower than Asian region reflect that the gap of output per capita in the Asian region is larger than the other 3 regions; according to the contribution rate, the total gap of output per capita among the emerging economies is mainly affected by the gap among the four regions and the Asian region. It can be concluded that the economic growth differentiation is embodied mainly in the gap among the four regions and in the gap among the Asian economic economies.

ABSTRACT:Taking four influential Chinese surveying and mapping journals as the data source, 5863 papers published during the period of 2003-2013 were obtained. Using the method of bibliometrics and visual analysis, summarizing the surveying and mapping papers in the past ten years (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013), research themes, authors, and geographical distribution were analyzed. In the study, the papers of geodesy, cartography and GIS are 59.9%, more than half of all the papers. We also determine that the core author group has 131 authors, mainly of whom are from big cities. 90% of top ten cities on the number of publishing papers are capital cities or municipalities directly under the central government.In conclusion, we found that the research focus was different every year, and the research content was richness, the content of geodesy, cartography and GIS were widely researched, and the development of surveying and mapping is imbalanced in China.