Liquid metal forms a thin layer of oxide skin via exposure to oxygen and this layer could be exfoliated by mechanical delamination or gas-injection/solvent-dispersion. Although the room-temperature fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) oxide through gas-injection and water-dispersion has been successfully demonstrated, a synthetic protocol in nonaqueous solvent at elevated temperature still remains as a challenge. Herein we report the mass-production of amorphous 2D SnO x nanoflakes with Bi decoration from liquid Sn–Bi alloy and selected nonaqueous solvents. The functional groups of the solvents play a key role in determining the final morphology of the product and the hydroxyl-rich solvents exhibit the best control toward 2D SnO x . The different solvent-oxide interaction that facilitates this phase-transfer process is further discussed on the basis of DFT calculation. Finally, the as-obtained 2D SnO x is evaluated in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction with high faradaic efficiency (>90%) of formic acid and stable performance over 10 h.

A new type of organocatalyzed 1,3-thiosulfonylation has been developed to straightforward access highly functionalized vinyl sulfones, which features mild conditions, atom and step economy, practicability, conciseness, and environmental friendliness. Moreover,...

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used medications to treat conditions such as arthritis, pain, and fever. They reduce inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that catalyze the committed step in prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis. Despite their significant therapeutic benefits, many NSAIDS have undesirable adverse effects. The aim of this study was to discover novel COX inhibitors from natural sources. Here, we describe the synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of the COX-2 inhibitor axinelline A (A1), which was isolated from Streptomyces axinellae SCSIO02208, and its analogues. Compared to the synthetic analogues, the natural product A1 has stronger COX inhibitory activity. Although A1 is more active against COX-2 than COX-1, its selectivity index is low; therefore, it may be classified as a nonselective COX inhibitor. Its overall activity is comparable to the clinically used drug diclofenac. In silico studies showed that A1 binds to COX-2 in a similar manner to diclofenac. Inhibition of COX enzymes by A1 in LPS-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages resulted in suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to reduced expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as iNOS, COX-2, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β and reduced production of PGE 2 , NO, and ROS. The potent in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of A1, together with its lack of cytotoxicity, makes it an attractive candidate for a new anti-inflammatory lead.

A palladium‐catalyzed highly stereoselective sulfonylation of vinylethylene carbonates for the precise synthesis of structurally diverse (Z)‐allylic sulfones was achieved with excellent regioselectivity and stereoselectivity (Z/E ratio, up to 99 : 1). This protocol used inexpensive sodium sulfinates as sulfonyl sources to construct valuable (Z)‐allylic sulfones in good to excellent yields. The controlling experiment suggested that the hydroxyl proton came from the α‐hydrogen of sulfone group through 1, 5‐H shift.

A microreactor-based continuous flow method was developed for the high temperature Chapman rearrangement, which was found to be efficient, controllable, safe and scalable.