Although perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made great achievements during the past few years, the efficiency of PSCs is only up to 25.5%, which is comparable to silicon-based solar cells. However, long-term stability is still an important problem for future commercialization. Enormous efforts have been made to prolong the lifetime of PSCs. The novel passivation strategy and advanced encapsulation are investigated, and great achievements are acquired. However, research on the basic understanding of the perovskite structure and the fabrication process of PSCs is rare, which stints the initial research for the abecedarian. At the same time, the defects among the perovskite film caused by the uncontrollable crystallization process and the fragile ionic nature also deteriorate the efficiency and stability of the perovskite devices. Herein, we summarized the investigations of the mechanism for perovskite materials and the manufacturing process of PSCs. The composition of perovskite materials, the orientation of perovskite grain, and various fabrication processes are explained. Simultaneously, the novel passivation strategy and technology are also discussed. We believe that a deeper understanding of the perovskite mechanism is beneficial to render more facilities for further development of perovskite application.

By simultaneously employing self-made SnSe2 saturable absorber (SA) and an acous-to-optic modulator (AOM), a dual-loss-modulated Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser with short pulse width, high peak power and adjustable pulse repetition rate is presented. The maximum pulse peak power of 37.57 KW with the minimum pulse duration of 5.52 ns were obtained under the pump power of 8 W and the pulse repetition rate of 5 kHz. The experimental results demonstrate that the dual-loss modulation technology with AOM and SnSe2 SA is a simple and efficient method to generate short pulses with high peak power and adjustable low repetition rates.