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Summary Uniform growth of the main shoot and tillers significantly influences rice plant architecture and grain yield. The WUSCHEL‐related homeobox transcription factor DWT1 is a key regulator of this important agronomic trait, disruption of which causes enhanced main shoot dominance and tiller dwarfism by an unknown mechanism. Here, we have used yeast‐two‐hybrid screening to identify OsPIP5K1, a member of the rice phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate 5‐kinase family, as a protein that interacts with DWT1. Cytological analyses confirmed that DWT1 induces accumulation of OsPIP5K1 and its product PI(4,5)P2, a phosphoinositide secondary messenger, in nuclear bodies. Mutation of OsPIP5K1 compounds the dwarf dwt1 phenotype but abolishes the main shoot dominance. Conversely, overexpression of OsPIP5K1 partially rescues dwt1 developmental defects. Furthermore, we showed that DWL2, the homologue of DWT1, is also able to interact with OsPIP5K1 and shares partial functional redundancy with DWT1 in controlling rice uniformity. Overall, our data suggest that nuclear localised OsPIP5K1 acts with DWT1 and/or DWL2 to coordinate the uniform growth of rice shoots, likely to be through nuclear phosphoinositide signals, and provides insights into the regulation of rice uniformity via a largely unexplored plant nuclear signalling pathway.

In order to evaluate the effect of growing media with peat and spent mushroom residue (SMR) on medicinal plants, we cultured Gossypium herbaceum and Talinum paniculatum seedlings in the substrates with SMR in proportions of 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Results showed that G. herbaceum seedlings can survive in all treatments, but T. paniculatum seedlings died out in 75% and 100% SMR substrates where higher electrical conductance was found (2.3-2.7 dS m-1). Both growth and biomass mostly declined with the increase of SMR proportion in the growing media for the two species except for root biomass in T. paniculatum seedlings between the control and the 25% SMR treatment. Shoot nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and contents tended to be higher in low- and high-SMR-proportional substrates, respectively. N and P statuses were both diagnosed to be excessive than needed for the two species. Overall, it was not recommended to culture G. herbaceum seedlings in the substrates with SMR; instead T. paniculatum seedlings can be cultured in the growing media with SMR in volumetric proportion of 25%.

Sentiment word embedding has been extensively studied and used in sentiment analysis tasks. However, most existing models have failed to differentiate high-frequency and lowfrequency words. Accordingly, the sentiment information of low-frequency words is insufficiently captured, thus resulting in inaccurate sentiment word embedding and degradation of overall performance of sentiment analysis. A Bayesian estimation-based sentiment word embedding (BESWE) model, which aims to precisely extract the sentiment information of low-frequency words, has been proposed. In the model, a Bayesian estimator is constructed based on the co-occurrence probabilities and sentiment probabilities of words, and a novel loss function is defined for sentiment word embedding learning. The experimental results based on the sentiment lexicons and Movie Review dataset show that BESWE outperforms many state-of-the-art methods, for example, C&W, CBOW, GloVe, SE-HyRank and DLJT1, in sentiment analysis tasks, which demonstrate that Bayesian estimation can effectively capture the sentiment information of low-frequency words and integrate the sentiment information into the word embedding through the loss function. In addition, replacing the embedding of low-frequency words in the state-of-the-art methods with BESWE can significantly improve the performance of those methods in sentiment analysis tasks.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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