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The dynamic topology of a mobile ad hoc network poses a real challenge in the design of hierarchical routing protocol, which combines proactive with reactive routing protocols and takes advantages of both. And as an essential technique of hierarchical routing protocol, clustering of nodes provides an efficient method of establishing a hierarchical structure in mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, we designed a novel clustering algorithm and a corresponding hierarchical routing protocol for large-scale mobile ad hoc networks. Each cluster is composed of a cluster head, several cluster gateway nodes, several cluster guest nodes, and other cluster members. The proposed routing protocol uses proactive protocol between nodes within individual clusters and reactive protocol between clusters. Simulation results show that the proposed clustering algorithm and hierarchical routing protocol provide superior performance with several advantages over existing clustering algorithm and routing protocol, respectively.

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Hierarchical routing is one of the fundamental but challenging topics in mobile ad hoc network, which combine proactive/table-driven with reactive/on-demand routing protocols and take advantages of both. And as an imperative means of hierarchical routing protocol, clustering approach provides an efficient and stable hierarchical structure for mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, we designed a stable clustering algorithm and a corresponding hierarchical routing protocol for high dynamic mobile ad hoc networks. Each cluster is consisted of a cluster-head, several cluster-gateway nodes, several cluster-guest nodes and other cluster-members. The proposed routing protocol uses proactive protocol in inter-cluster and reactive protocol in intra-cluster communication. Simulation results showed that the clustering algorithm improves its stability by increasing the node number of individual clusters and decreasing node's switch times between clusters. And the proposed routing protocol not only decreases the end-to-end delay to guarantee the validity of data but reduces the communication control expenses to increase the utility of network resource and increases the packet acceptance ratio to verify the validity of the proposed protocol.

In this work, we experimentally implemented square-root higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) in topological electric circuits with decorated Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) lattice. Due to the square-root operation, the corner states of the square-root HOTIs typically appear on the finite energy. Through theory and experiments, the corner states in both the parent and square-root HOTIs models, as well as their spectrum connection, were demonstrated. Our work not only experimentally substantiates the existence of square-root higher-order topology in decorated SSH lattice model, from the perspective of electric circuits, but also extends the possibilities for observing various topological phases in acoustic and mechanical systems.