We investigated the role of HIF-1α in the mitigation of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) in a rat model. Serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels were all elevated in cisplatin treated rats. PNS reduced Scr, BUN and NAG levels in the presence or absence of the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2). PNS also reduced the high tubular injury scores, which corresponded to renal tubular damage in cisplatin-treated rats and which were exacerbated by 2ME2. Renal tissues from PNS-treated rats showed increased HIF-1α mRNA and nuclear localized HIF-1α protein. Moreover, PNS treatment increased BNIP3 mRNA as well as LC3-II, BNIP3 and Beclin-1 proteins and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in rat renal tissues. This suggested that PNS treatment enhanced HIF-1α, which in turn increased autophagy. This was confirmed in transmission electron micrographs of renal tissues that showed autophagosomes in PNS-treated renal tissues. These findings demonstrate that PNS mitigates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by enhancing mitophagy via a HIF-1α/BNIP3/Beclin-1 signaling pathway.

Our data suggest that the menopausal transition instead of menopause per se is associated with serum lipid profile in community-based women in China. Late perimenopause status is significantly associated with accelerated increase in TC, TG, and TC/HDL-C. HDL-C seemed to have no relationship with menopause status.

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